• Fusarium head blight or scab

  density. The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected [...] Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are considered [...] conidia are produced that further spread the disease. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum ) primarily infects the older, lower leaves. The spores are dispersed

• Damping-off

  or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. [...] later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border [...] Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate group of microorganisms and is therefore not a real fungus. It survives

• Tea spider mite

  and the larval period is followed by the first quiescent stage. The protonymph has four pairs of legs. Deutonymphs are like protonymphs but they are larger [...] to 50 eggs in their life cycle. The blood red colour eggs are laid all along the veins and mid-rib on upper surface of the leaves. Freshly hatched larva [...] areas of India causing considerable yield loss. Damage symptoms Larvae, nymphs and adults causes damage to the tea plant which sucks the sap of leaves

• Mealybugs and scales

  spp.) are often found growing on this honeydew, which, as well as the white, waxy secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected [...] species of mealybugs feed on the aerial parts of the plant, some species extract their nourishment from roots, whilst others are gall-formers. A few species [...] gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Characteristically

• Integrated Pest Management

  employs a combination of strategies to prevent and control pests while minimizing the use of pesticides. Integrated Pest Management is a dynamic and multifaceted [...] insects and biological control One of the key aspects of IPM is harnessing the power of natural enemies to control pest populations. Predatory mites , parasitic [...] and scouting is the systematic observation of crops throughout their growth cycle. This involves a close inspection of plants for signs of pests and diseases

• Glasshouse potato aphid

  deformations in the growing tip of the plant. Precisely where the plant is pierced is unimportant. The piercing of the lower leaves in the crop can cause [...] appearance. Antennae are marked by a number of darker bands, and their length exceeds that of the body. The legs are also long, there are two distinctive dark [...] green spots on the abdomen at the base of the cornicles. Alate (winged) females are yellow-green, with a brown head, a dark thorax and a dark abdomen that

• Cottony cushion scale

  produces a white, fluted, wax ovisac with a series of uniform ridges running lengthwise over the surface. The ovisac may reach the same length as the body [...] combined length of up to 20 mm. The 'females' are actually hermaphrodites with fertilization occurring between the eggs and the sperm of the same individual [...] pair of dusky wings, The adult ‘females’ produce 500 to 2000 bright-red, oblong eggs over a period of 2 to 3 months. After leaving the egg sac, the crawlers

• Deltatrap

  trap into a triangle Place a sticky insert at the bottom of the trap, with the sticky surface facing upwards Fold both edges at the base of the triangle upwards [...] Place the Pherodis capsule in the middle of the sticky insert at the bottom of the trap Application Hang the traps approximately 10 cm above the crop in [...] sex pheromone which lures the males of the particular pest into the trap. Once in the trap they get stuck in the glue and are easy to detect, count and

• Potato aphid

  characteristic of the potato aphid and is particularly visible in the nymphs. Immatures have a light dusting of whitish-grey wax. The aphids instantly [...] balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation occurs early enough in the season [...] to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky

• Pherodis

  species During the first few days following the installation of a new capsule higher numbers may be caught due to a temporarily higher release of the pheromone [...] of trap depends on the species to be monitored. The species-specific sex pheromone lures males of the target pest into the trap. Trapping males also aids [...] dispenser. Preparation Collect the sachets containing the pheromone dispensers from the cold store and open the sachets Do not touch the dispenser, since manual