• Charcoal rot

  Cutting the roots may show the same discolouration of the internal tissues of the main roots. In most crops, necrotic lesions on the roots are the first [...] reported. The density of the microsclerotia in the soil is directly related to disease incidence. Within 24 hours the fungus infects the roots of the host by [...] germ tubes. During the next two days, necrotic spots occur on the roots and the fungus spreads into the cortex and vascular tissue. In the infected host tissues

• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  along the margin or the tip from early to midsummer. The necrotic area spreads over the leaf from the margin and is marked by a chlorotic band. In the beginning [...] substance, in the vessels. The bacteria, gum and tyloses block the vessels, causing the plants to wilt. Transport to different plant parts depends on the plant [...] depend on the location of the bacteria in the infected plants. For example, transfer from infected plum trees with high bacterial levels in the leaves to

• Angular leaf spot

  lesions on the underside of the leaf. They enlarge to angular spots, often limited by the small veins. The distinctive feature is the way the lesions look [...] visible on the upper side of the leaf as irregular spots which are first reddish brown and then become necrotic. The foliar symptoms are the most important [...] dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but not independantly in the soil. Under humid conditions, bacteria ooze from the lesions on the leaves and form a secondary

• Cottony soft rot

  base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating sclerotia [...] sclerotia. The fungus grows quite rapidly inside the plant and kills the host cells. On the infected plant tissue white, fluffy mycelium occurs with new [...] new dark sclerotia. The fungus also infects seeds and tubers, thereby creating a source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  rot. Damage symptoms The first signs of this disease, are poorly looking plants in localized areas of the greenhouse or field. The affected plants may wilt [...] gradually break off. The corky areas often occur as horizontal bands on the roots with lengthwise cracks. No discoloration is present in the xylem tissues which [...] survives in the soil and in buried tomato roots as microsclerotia. The microsclerotia germinate and produce mycelium that in turn infect the roots of tomato

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but [...] caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue and [...] Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to prevent biofilm growth inside the irrigation

• Plant Disease Management

  diseases in plants. The primary goal of biological control is to reduce the damage caused by these pathogens while minimizing the use of chemical pesticides [...] preventing the disease from spreading further. Crop rotation Crop rotation is a fundamental strategy, which means avoiding planting the same crop in the same [...] disease cycles and reduces the buildup of pathogens in the soil. Disease-resistant varieties Another vital aspect of prevention is the use of disease-resistant

• Spotted Wing Drosophila

  unripe fruits. The larval development takes place in the fruit. The larvae pupate either fully or partly in the fruit, or outside the fruit on the ground. [...] saw-like ovipositor that is used to penetrate the skin of the host fruit and for laying the egg into the fruit. Eggs are white, 0.6 long and 0.2 mm wide [...] oviposition, the respiration tubes extend from the fruit but are difficult to see. Larval feeding in the fruit leads to fruit tissue collapse. Even if the fruits

• Black rot of carrots

  spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving conidia in the soil. Use resistant [...] General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] seed-transferred carrot disease. The seeds are the main source of primary infection and this may lead to death of seedlings. From the primary infection of leaves

• Grower Koen - Embracing biological crop protection in agriculture

  a conscious choice. Inheriting the farm from his parents, Koen had the opportunity to continue the business. While the trend towards organic farming was [...] organic farming marks the path to the future. "You grow into it a bit," notes Koen. With the growing availability of knowledge and the number of biological [...] believes that the reduction of chemical methods paves the way for organic alternatives that can complement traditional farming practices. For him, it is clear