• Orange

  About The orange and in particular the sweet orange is the fruit that derives from the citrus species Citrus X sinensis that belongs to the family of Rutaceae

• Fall Armyworm

  onion, cotton, pasture grasses, millet, tomato, potato and cotton. Fall armyworm moths generally disperse in a radius of about 500 km (300 miles) before [...] the warm, humid evenings. Females lay their eggs in clusters of 150-200 and can lay up to 2000 eggs in a lifetime. Eggs are white, pinkish or light green [...] pest that is indigenous throughout the Americas. Recently, it has been found in Africa too. The caterpillars of fall armyworms feed on the leaves, stems and

• Tomato leafminer

  place in the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines they build silk cocoons on the leaflets or in the soil [...] host is tomato but it also feeds on other solanaceous crop plants including potato, eggplant, capsicum pepper and tobacco as well as weeds such as Datura [...] done by the tomato leaf miner ( Tuta absoluta) are the blotch-shaped mines in the leaves. Caterpillars prefer leaves and stems, but they may also occur

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  Some also produce ascospores. In general, most Fusarium specieshave a similar life cycle. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues [...] chlamydospores and ascospores in crop residues. Primary infection is from this inoculum or from infected seed. Infected seed doesn’t germinate well and seedlings [...] effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent stress for the plants

• American serpentine leaf miner

  cosmetic damage. In tropical and subtropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown [...] chrysanthemum, gerbera, gypsophila, celery, sweet pepper, pea, bean and potato. In greenhouses, it is mainly found on gerbera and chrysanthemum. Today the [...] exit hole in the leaf with its mouth parts. After roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning

• Citrus mealybug

  many and diverse host plants. In temperate regions of the world this mealybug poses a problem in greenhouse horticulture, and in the tropics and sub-tropics [...] especially in fruit trees and ornamental crops, particularly in pot plants such as ficus, palms, schefflera, croton and kalanchoë, but also in roses and [...] yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must

• Mealybugs and scales

  fruit are concerned, these often drop off; plant sap is low in proteins and rich in sugars. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must [...] scales also produce honeydew (on which moulds grow) resulting in considerable damage in ornamental and fruit crops and loss of value. Armoured scales do [...] gall-formers. A few species can also transmit harmful viruses. Mealybugs inflict damage on the crop in various ways: nymphs and females extract the sap from

• Plant Disease Management

  role in our food production systems. Understanding plant diseases Plant diseases, caused by various pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses, can [...] planting the same crop in the same location year after year. Rotating crops disrupts disease cycles and reduces the buildup of pathogens in the soil. Diseas [...] suppress or control plant pathogens, which are microorganisms that cause diseases in plants. The primary goal of biological control is to reduce the damage caused

• Pollination checklist tomato

  damage. You should therefore position the bumblebee hive in the coolest spot, or at least in the shade, particularly during the warmest part of the day [...] and make it possible to check the bumblebees' work. A single visit results in the transfer of enough pollen for pollination. Fruit setting takes place once [...] between 50% and 80%. A relative humidity of more than 80%-85% will result in pollen not being released and the bumblebees will become inactive. Below 50%

• Broad mite

  General The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) occurs in the tropics and in greenhouses in temperate regions. The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) [...] leaves. In case of a mild infestation, one can often see brown, frequently collapsed spots, or brown stripes forming a fine network on the leaves. In case [...] of legs in both males and females is different to the others and not used for walking. After moulting to the third larval stage the larvae stay in their