• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  (peaches and plums): In peach, the canopy of infected plants is compact and umbrella-like due to the shorter internodes. The foliage is denser and the leaves [...] along the margin or the tip from early to midsummer. The necrotic area spreads over the leaf from the margin and is marked by a chlorotic band. In the beginning [...] normal and look stunted. Twigs and branches die and the foliage becomes thinner, but the trees don’t die of the disease. Olives: Scorch symptoms and desiccation

• Parasitic wasps

  begin to feed on the host pest. They consume the host from the inside, which ultimately leads to the death of the host. Pupal stage: After the larvae have consumed [...] hunt down and parasitize pest species, providing ongoing protection for crops throughout the growing season. Biodiversity and ecosystem balance: The introduction [...] eggs either inside the host's body or attaches them to the host's exterior. Larval development: When the parasitic wasp eggs hatch, the newly emerged larvae

• Thrips

  cause damage to the plant by piercing the cells of the surface tissue and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting [...] on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. At a later stage, the empty cells become desiccated and the adjacent [...] are among the most challenging pests in greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding and virus transmission cause leaf deformation, silvering and fruit damage

• Aphipar

  mummy. The adult parasitic wasp emerges through a hole at the rear of the mummy. The first mummies are noticed in the crop around 10-14 days after the first [...] parasitic wasps emerge from the mummies and females lay their eggs into aphids . The next generation of parasitic wasps develops inside the aphid, which converts [...] least a few days Dosage The dosage of Aphipar depends on climate, crop and aphid density and should always be adjusted to the particular situation. Start

• Red palm weevil

  long thin rostrum that holds the antennae and tiny mandibles. The size and colour of adult weevils greatly varies. Most individuals in the Mediterranean area [...] morphology of the palms, direct or indirect destruction of the apical bud will lead to the death of the plant, which makes the red palm weevil ( Rhynchophorus [...] spread to Africa and Europe with distribution through the Mediterranean since the 1980s. Damage symptoms It is very difficult to recognize the first signs of

• Leaf stripe

  formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death [...] be distorted and failing to emerge from the sheath. Ear length and the number of kernels may be reduced and kernels may be brown. The symptoms do not always [...] fungus is seed-borne and this systemic infection is the only source of primary infection. The fungus spreads from the seed into the seedling. Conidia are produced

• Asian citrus psyllid

  through most of the southern states and Mexico however the state of Florida is the most affected area by the vectored disease. Damage symptoms The psyllid is [...] distributed in southern Asia and the disease is responsible for the destruction of several citrus industries in Asia and Africa. In North America, it has [...] mature. Worst damage is done when the insect is vector of the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus that cause the fatal citrus disease called citrus

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  roots. The lesions are slightly sunken and are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The lesions may grow and encircle [...] at 10 °C the lesions are light-brown. The lesions can be enclosed by pseudostromata: dark coloured tissue that looks like black stripes. The disease is [...] a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final stage of the disease, only vascular tissue remains because the cortex (outer

• Early blight

  General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary [...] lesions on stem and foot. On fruits, dark sunken, leathery lesions occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection [...] spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving conidia in the soil. Use resistant

• Black rot of carrots

  General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary [...] spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving conidia in the soil. Use resistant [...] causes spots on leaves, petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation. Species