• Apple scab

  unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter and form ascospores [...] parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have already fallen off the trees. In response to the infection [...] results in small dark lesions which may not be noticed before harvest. Life cycle and appearance of Apple scab Venturia inaequalis overwinters in the form

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying [...] found as secondary pathogen in plants that are infected by other pathogens. The bacteria that causes black leg in potato is a different subspecies. How to [...] extensive bacterial rots (bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot). Damage symptoms In tomato, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora causes

• Green peach aphid

  native, however it is now a pest with a world-wide distribution. The green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae subsp. persicae ) is a particularly polyphagous [...] green peach aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. When reproduction is asexual [...] grey-green, pink or red in colour. They appear matt, never glossy. Winged individuals have a brown-black head and thorax and a yellow-green to green or

• Click beetles

  6-10 mm long and yellowish brown to black. The eggs are laid in May or June in groups in the soil. They hatch about one month later and the larvae start [...] brown or light brown with a darker head. Larval development takes 4 to 5 years. When fully grown the larvae pupate in the soil in summer. The adults appear [...] General Click beetles are elongate beetles with a hard exoskeleton, with the head deeply retracted into the thorax. When disturbed they lie on their back

• Millet

  conditions. Millets has incredibly rich composition of nutrients. Millets play a role in preventing and curing several health issues. The most commonly cultivated [...] crop and has been cultivated from pre-historic period. Millets are important in semiarid tropics of Asia. Most of the millets are of short duration taking

• Whitefly

  comparable in outline. Whitefly damage The larvae need a lot of nutrients for growth, and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap. This contains a high [...] physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt and drop. Such leaf damage can in turn influence the development [...] development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. By sucking plant sap and secreting honeydew, whitefly reduces the aesthetic value of crops. This is

• Rice

  rice). Rice is a serial grain and the most popular staple food for a large part of the world population, especially in Asia. Rice is a monocotyledon and [...] usually cultivated as an annual plant. In tropical climates however, it can be grown as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for as long as 30 years [...] plant (caryopsis) are usually between 5-12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) thick.

• Gherkin

  to as ‘pickle’ in the United States and Canada or generically as ‘gherkin’ in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia) is actually a regular cucumber [...] cucumber that is pickled in vinegar, a brine or some other solution. It is then left to ferment for a certain period of time. Fermentation takes place by putting [...] putting the cucumbers in an acidic solution or use lacto-fermentation to sour them.

• Apple

  tics. Ripe apples usually have a red, yellow, green, pink, or russetted coloured skin. Additionally there exists also a wide range of bi- or tri-colored [...] cultivars. The skin of the apple is protected by a layer of epicuticular wax. Apples usually have a yellowish-white coloured exocarp. Sometimes their

• Leaf miners

  cosmetic damage. In (sub)tropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants [...] species in this family, only eleven are truly polyphagous. The species that cause most damage all belong to the genus Liriomyza and are very common in temperate [...] fruiting vegetable crops, however, a considerable quantity of foliage can be lost before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage