• Apple scab

  include: Olive-green to dark brown velvety spots on leaves Brown or black lesions on developing fruit Cracked, corky, misshapen, or rusted fruit as lesions [...] Olive-green or brown lesions on young leaves and developing fruit Brown or black spots on cluster leaves, extension shoots, and developing fruit Premature [...] What is apple scab? Apple scab is one of the most economically important fungal diseases of apple worldwide. Caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis

• Bacterial spot

  petioles and stems and form long dark streaks. On fruits, first small black specks are seen on green fruits. The specks grow into brown spots that look like [...] narrow cankers appear, which become rough and light brown. On fruits the spots are first small, circular and green but they turn brown, become raised and look [...] development is favoured by temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata

• Pollination checklist tomato

  required such as active cooling. Position the hive so that it is easily visible both to the bumblebees and to people Ensure the hive is horizontal Protect the [...] one to four hours and make it possible to check the bumblebees' work. A single visit results in the transfer of enough pollen for pollination. Fruit setting [...] The flower needs to have been pollinated before it closes. Depending on the conditions, a flower will remain open for one to three days. To check on pollination

• Fall Armyworm

  which is sufficient for them to move from seasonally dry habitats to wet habitats in Central America. This makes it possible for fall armyworms to spread [...] are 30-40 mm long. They have six instars that vary in colour from light tan to green to black. They have a distinct white inverted Y-shaped mark on the front [...] eggs in clusters of 150-200 and can lay up to 2000 eggs in a lifetime. Eggs are white, pinkish or light green and spherical, and are usually laid on the

• Citrus mealybug

  produce little wax, so that the light yellow to pink body is visible through its waxy covering. There is often a darker longitudinal stripe running over [...] defoliation. The overall effect is a reduction of photosynthesis and therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low [...] the leaves also reduces flower and fruit production. In ornamental crops, the mere presence of mealybugs is sufficient to render the product unfit for sale

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  appearance, turning light-brown and sunken, later black with amber-coloured exudations of spores. In the early stages of wilting it is hard to distinguish from [...] in the soil, but little else is known about the life cycle. The fungus is dispersed by water, air and soil particles. How to prevent Black root rot of cucurbits [...] encircle the root. The roots become yellow-brown to black and ultimately die. Black lesions with fruiting bodies occur more commonly at temperatures of

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  its normal colour. On the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings [...] black leg in potato is a different subspecies. How to prevent Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot Prevent high humidity Use sanitation to prevent spread [...] wounds. It cannot infect healthy green leaves, but can grow in senescent leaves and from there grow through the petiole to the main stem through the xylem

• Predatory mites

  so knowing the target pest is crucial. Scouting is essential to know where the pest is, how severe the infestation is and to identify the pest. Select the [...] commitment to develop methods that enable growers to effectively introduce these solutions into their crops, ensuring optimal performance, is an integral [...] blower for dispersion is an available option. This approach proves particularly effective when a swift response is required due to a pest invading your

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  mildew vary according to the phenological growth stage and the severity of the infection. Early signs manifest as chlorotic (pale green to yellow) spots, which [...] and poor fruit set. During berry development, the pathogen colonizes the epidermis, causing the skin to lose elasticity. This frequently leads to berry cracking [...] compromises fruit quality and serves as a primary entry point for secondary infections, such as Botrytis bunch rot. Leaf symptoms Pale green to yellowish

• Grape downy mildew

  humidity), the disease is often well-established before it can be visually detected in the field. Leaf symptoms Yellowish to light-green oil spots on the upper [...] forming haustoria to parasitize mesophyll cells. The latent period (the time from infection to visible symptoms) ranges from 4 to 21 days, depending on [...] (Plasmopara viticola) vary according to the crop’s growth stage, environmental conditions, and infection pressure. While all green tissues of the grapevine are