• Wheat bunt

  kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days [...] tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form basidiospores, also [...] of soil fungicides can help reduce the soil-borne inoculum Sowing winter crops early in the fall when temperatures are still above 15°C at the critical first

• Glasshouse potato aphid

  to deformations in the growing tip of the plant. Precisely where the plant is pierced is unimportant. The piercing of the lower leaves in the crop can cause [...] margins. The immediate effects of piercing by the aphids are visible in lower leaves in the form of yellow patches. Heavy yellowing may even be followed by [...] presence in the crop. The wingless adult stage of the greenhouse potato aphid is rather squat, of medium size (1.8 - 3.0 mm long) and oval in shape. It

• Green peach aphid

  important insect pest in sweet pepper, tomato, cucumber and many other greenhouse crops. The aphid may originate from Asia, where its winter-hardy host plant [...] occurs early enough in the season, the death of young plants. Retarded growth and defoliation reduce yield, Plant sap is rich in sugars, but has a low [...] quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds

• Corn earworm

  which will start to feed again on the tip of the cob, making holes in the corn. In other crops, they prefer flower buds and soft fruit. They cause visible [...] cephalic capsule in the first stage, but later adopting a variety of colours such as green, brown, pink, and yellow. Other features are its size in the final [...] then pupates for ten to fourteen days, or three to five months in areas with very cold winters. The pupae measure around 18 mm and have a slightly shiny brown

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  buds or as chasmothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) attached in the bark crevices and plant debris. In spring, chasmothecia release ascospores during periods [...] mycelium. As the infection intensifies, affected leaves suffer a marked reduction in photosynthetic capacity, while shoots and flowers exhibit stunted growth and [...] Uneven and abnormal cluster development Powdery coating on clusters resulting in loose, misshapen bunches Reduced yield potential Berry symptoms High susc

• Root rot of carrot

  n of this disease in the rather acidic soils (of southwestern Norway). Spore germination was inhibited in nonsterile soil but not in similar soil that [...] walls and aiding in early signal transduction in host-pathogen interactions. Presence of umbelliferous plants: Inoculum can survive in perennial (umbelliferous) [...] increase in number and size until they merge, after which whole sections of the leaf will die off. The fungus appears to prefer older tissue. In the field

• Pollination checklist tomato

  damage. You should therefore position the bumblebee hive in the coolest spot, or at least in the shade, particularly during the warmest part of the day [...] and make it possible to check the bumblebees' work. A single visit results in the transfer of enough pollen for pollination. Fruit setting takes place once [...] between 50% and 80%. A relative humidity of more than 80%-85% will result in pollen not being released and the bumblebees will become inactive. Below 50%