Root rot of carrot

the leaves that vary in colour from grey to almost black. The spots appear to be sharply defined, but under a magnifying glass it appears that the infected [...] Europe. Damage symptoms Rhexocercosporidium carotae is a slow-growing fungus that can infect both roots and foliage. The infection starts with small black [...] are dark brown to black, moist, mostly circular spots 0.5 -1.2 cm diameter that extend only to 2 mm in the root, up to 20-25 per carrot root. They occur

Wheat bunt

are grey-brown. They rupture at harvest and release black, powdery spores, that smell like fish, hence the common name stinking bunt. Life cycle and appearance [...] basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed. These can germinate directly or form secondary [...] fungi grow between the plant cells and eventually inside the kernels. When that happens, the fungal mycelium turns into teliospores and the whole kernel

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

can also be found as secondary pathogen in plants that are infected by other pathogens. The bacteria that causes black leg in potato is a different subspecies [...] rot is first noticed when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial [...] insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the growing crop that way. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora infects

Dwarf bunt

as dwarf bunt. Damage symptoms Tilletia controversa causes (bunted) heads that are slender and remain green longer than healthy heads. The glumes are opened [...] are grey-brown. They rupture at harvest and release black, powdery spores, that smell like fish, hence the common name stinking bunt. Additionally, plants [...] basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed. These can germinate directly or form secondary

Apple scab

the fungus. In cultivars that are more resistant, this happens faster so the lesions remain smaller. Based on the research that has been done on the influence [...] General Venturia inaequalis is an ascomycete fungus that causes apple scab disease Damage symptoms Venturia inaequalis causes apple scab disease, which [...] spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have already fallen off the trees. In response to the infection, the plants

Grower Koen - Embracing biological crop protection in agriculture

critical. Society expects more and more that agriculture is environmentally friendly and responsible. And that the vegetables consumers eat are safe. Future [...] . He emphasizes that the correct application of methods is essential for achieving optimal results. Koen's perspective highlights that effective crop [...] agriculture is hopeful. He believes that the reduction of chemical methods paves the way for organic alternatives that can complement traditional farming

Radish

varieties that all vary in flavour, colour, size and time it takes to mature. The vegetable has a particular sharp or sometimes pungent flavour that derives [...] radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. Sativus ) is an edible root vegetable that belongs to the Brassicaceae family. This plant was already domesticated in [...] derives from the chemical components that are produced by the plant, namely glucosinolate, myrosinase, and isothiocyanate. Radish is now produced and consumed

Bacterial spot

General Xanthomonas vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato [...] small black specks are seen on green fruits. The specks grow into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots [...] brown centre. As with powdery mildew infection, pepper plants shed the leaves that are severely infected. Humid conditions are conducive for lesion expansion

Gummy stem blight

General Mycosphaerella cucumis (Didymella bryoniae) is a fungal plant pathogen that causes gummy stem blight. Damage symptoms Mycosphaerella cucumis in cucumber [...] cropping: Remove all crop debris and disinfect the greenhouse Choose a cultivar that is less susceptible to internal fruit rot Use clean propagation material [...] consecutive cucumber crops: Remove all pots and plant parts from previous crop that may serve as inoculum source for the new crop prevent condensation on all

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

has not yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material [...] General Rhizobium bacteria are soil bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes. Additionally, pathogenic Agr