Damping-off

during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system [...] f disease. In slightly older plants, the leaves lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the plants recover [...] higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage

Black rot of carrots

General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving [...] (RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperatures occur between species, but in general, the risk of Alternaria infection

Early blight

General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving [...] occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers

Black root rot of cucurbits

a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final stage of the disease, only vascular tissue remains because the cortex (outer [...] away. Infection in the early stages of the crop results in stunted growth and smaller leaves with an intense green colour. Severe infection in this stage may [...] may kill the plants. In case of a less severe infection, the vines may wilt at a late stage of the crop, but when water supply is in any way limited during

Gummy stem blight

a cucumis in cucumber causes brown lesions on the foot and higher up on the stem. On the lesions, golden-brown gummy drops occur, hence the name gummy [...] cucumber, the most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits [...] ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards. How to prevent Gummy stem blight

Fusarium wilt

oxysporum is the only Fusarium that actually grows inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species [...] one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are [...] takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. How to prevent Fusarium

Grapevine powdery mildew

early berry development. As the season concludes, the fungus forms chasmothecia to ensure its survival through the winter. Given the polycyclic nature, preventive [...] growth stage and the severity of the infection. Early signs manifest as chlorotic (pale green to yellow) spots, which rapidly develop into the characteristic [...] growth and poor fruit set. During berry development, the pathogen colonizes the epidermis, causing the skin to lose elasticity. This frequently leads to berry

Black sigatoka disease

them, so the spores cannot be discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity [...] leaves of about one month old. The symptoms run parallel to the veins. Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and turn brown with light [...] enlarge further and the tissue around the lesions turns yellow and dies. Lesions merge and the whole leaf turns brown and ultimately dies. In cases of severe

Application

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

transmitted on the outside of the seed coat and cause primary infection. The conidia germinate and infect through the stomata or directly through the cuticle [...] ) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] on leaves, stems and pods of peas. The spots on leaves and pods are round, on the stems they are more elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and