• Grapevine powdery mildew

  while shoots and flowers exhibit stunted growth and poor fruit set. During berry development, the pathogen colonizes the epidermis, causing the skin to lose [...] flowering and early berry development. As the season concludes, the fungus forms chasmothecia to ensure its survival through the winter. Given the polycyclic [...] Symptoms of grapevine powdery mildew vary according to the phenological growth stage and the severity of the infection. Early signs manifest as chlorotic (pale

• Pomegranate bacterial blight

  Disease cycle Infected cuttings are the main source of inoculum and wind splashed rains plays important role is spread of the disease. Intermittent rainfall [...] results in premature defoliation. The pathogen also infects branches and stem as water soaked necrotic spots causing girdling and cracking symptoms. Necrotic [...] followed by cloudy weather favours the disease development and further spread. Management Spray Veni GoKlean at the rate of 1.25 to 1.5 ml per litre of

• Cercospora leaf spot

  humidity favours the spread of the disease and severity. The fungus has the ability to overwinter in plant debris and remains in the field for long time [...] centres and dark brown margins. The spots may enlarge to 1 cm to more and later coalesce. The spots dry up results in shot-hole appearance to the leaves [...] depending on the plant type infected. Infected seeds, infected plants and plant debris are primary source of infection. Secondary spread is through air

• Spotted Wing Drosophila

  name is derived from. Females have a strong saw-like ovipositor that is used to penetrate the skin of the host fruit and for laying the egg into the fruit [...] unripe fruits. The larval development takes place in the fruit. The larvae pupate either fully or partly in the fruit, or outside the fruit on the ground. [...] long and 0.2 mm wide. Each egg has two respiratory tubes which stick out of the fruit. There are three larval instars and in the third instar the larvae

• Chilli thrips

  vegetables, and fruits, this species poses challenges due to its rapid reproduction and widespread adaptability. Life cycle and damage of Scirthothrips The life [...] colour. Life cycle is short and completed in 15 to 20 days as many as 25 overlapping generations per year. Reproduction is both by sexual and partheno-generic [...] ic. Larvae and adults feed on the underside of leaves, creating silvering, curling, and deformities in leaves and fruits. This feeding behavior also weakens

• Woolly apple aphid

  females of the woolly aphid are 1.2-2.6 mm long, purplish brown and covered by masses of white, mealy wax. The siphunculi are pore-like and the cauda is small [...] sheltering in cracks and under loose bark. The nymphs become active in late March or April (in the northern hemisphere) and around the end of May, large colonies [...] General The woolly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum , is a serious worldwide apple pest. It is probably of North American origin and has been distributed to other

• Codling moth

  seen and is usually plugged by dry frass. The larva then burrows towards the core and eats a large proportion of the flesh, leaving behind brown frass. [...] The entry point is then greatly enlarged as the tissue beneath is eaten away. Infested fruits usually ripen prematurely and drop off. Life cycle and [...] It is very common in Europe. Damage symptoms After invading the fruit, the larvae first form a small cavity just under the skin. The entry hole can be seen

• Diamond back moth

  quite small and active. Except for the first instar, which mines in the leaf tissue, the larvae are voracious surface feeders. The pupae of the diamond back [...] may occur in the florets. Initially, the pupa is pinkish-white to pinkish-yellow and changes to brown before adult emergence. The adult of the diamond back [...] one-third of the forewing is ochreous-white, with a nearly white upper edge. In females, the upper two-thirds of the forewings are light ochreous and the markings

• Asian citrus psyllid

  most of the southern states and Mexico however the state of Florida is the most affected area by the vectored disease. Damage symptoms The psyllid is a sucking [...] Huanglongbing. It is widely distributed in southern Asia and the disease is responsible for the destruction of several citrus industries in Asia and Africa. In [...] (HLB). Nymphs and adults of the psyllid take the bacteria into their bodies by feeding on bacteria-infected plants and then disease is spread when adults

• Cutworms

  for instance the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon and the turnip moth Agrotis segetum . The larvae of these moths usually feed on roots and plant parts close [...] become negatively phototaxic and feed mostly at night and hide in the ground during the day. Damage from these instars is usually observed as a cutting [...] will occasionally tunnel into the growing stalk, disrupting the sap flow in the plant. Life cycle and appearance of Cutworms The adults of Agrotis spp. have