• Apple scab

  petioles and fruits and sometimes on twigs and bud scales. The lesions are olive-green. When spores are produced, the lesions become grey and fluffy. The [...] conidia, are formed which extend through the cuticula. The asexual conidia are released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production [...] research that has been done on the influence of climatic conditions on release of ascospores and risk of infection, a decision support systems has been

• Corn earworm

  well as on the corn of immature cobs and ears. Adults of corn earworm are nocturnal, since they react to light radiation at night and are attracted to light [...] small quantities of eggs, between one and three, in the hairs of green ears of corn. The larvae feed on the hairs of the young corn and on the young kernels [...] Life cycle and appearance of the corn earworm The eggs of corn earworm are a milky-white colour, which turn dark grey before hatching, and have a ribbed

• Thrips

  ‘fringed wings’, and refers to the eyelash-like fringe of hairs along both edges of the thin wings. There are more than 6,000 known species. Most are harmless [...] harmless, some are predators, and fewer than 20 species can cause problems in agriculture and horticulture. Thrips are small insects (0.5-14 mm), with the largest [...] leaves are often damaged and become misshapen. Thrips are also responsible for the transmission of viruses, the best known of which is tomato spotted wilt

• Southern blight

  present girdling of the stem, which causes wilting of the upper part, necrosis, loss of leaves, and death of the plant. Symptoms begin with brown, aqueous [...] that inhabits the soil, and is responsible for root and stem rot, wilting and damping-off of seedlings. It has a wide range of hosts, around 500 botanical [...] cause necrosis of the young tissues and softening of the stem, cotyledons, and roots. The main damage caused by damping-off is reduction of the stand, meaning

• Precautionary measures for product allergies

  caused by the type of products mentioned above. Which products are of concern? This concerns the predatory mites , feeder mites, and supplementary feeding [...] combination of factors The level of sensitivity differs per person. Allergy problems can occur within just a few weeks of the first moment of contact, or [...] horticulture: demonstration of immediate-type allergic reactivity to freesia and paprika plants. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 75(1), 44-47

• Whitefly

  Parasitic wasps are key in reducing whitefly populations by parasitizing larvae and host feeding. Predatory mites and bugs feed on eggs and larvae of whiteflies [...] species are the greenhouse whitefly , Trialeurodes vaporariorum , and the tobacco whitefly , Bemisia tabaci . Both are widespread, polyphagous and are broadly [...] larvae need a lot of nutrients for growth, and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap. This contains a high proportion of sugar, and the excess is excreted

• Apple

  apple, the tree’s usually sweet and pomaceous fruit. Apples originate from Asia and Europe and were grown there for thousands of years, before European colonists [...] Currently, more than 7,500 known varieties of apples are being cultivated, each with their own characteristics. Ripe apples usually have a red, yellow, green [...] ly there exists also a wide range of bi- or tri-colored cultivars. The skin of the apple is protected by a layer of epicuticular wax. Apples usually have

• Citrus mealybug

  Fruit and flowers are also fouled, rendering them unfit for sale, and the reduced level of photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit [...] economic damage. Life cycle and appearance of Citrus mealybug Adult females of Planococcus citri are 2.5 - 4 mm long and 2 - 3 mm in breadth. Seen dorsally [...] they are soft and covered with a fine waxy material. They move very little. They can be distinguished from other mealy bugs by their possession of 18 pairs

• Broad mite

  diversity of feeding habits than any other mite family. There are species that feed on fungi, algae, plants, as well as insect and mite predators and parasites [...] caused by viruses. The typical pattern of damage consists of malformation and distortion of the above-ground growth of the plant. The mites show a preference [...] brown and curl up. A typical indication of an attack of broad mite ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus ), is the appearance of dark brown edges at the base of young

• Flies

  Biological control of flies Flies are a common pest problem in greenhouse and field crops, where they disturb plant growth, spread diseases and affect crop hygiene [...] hygiene and maintain sustainable growing conditions. Solutions for fly control Learn more about What are flies? There are several flies that are pests in [...] re and mushroom cultivation. Species that can cause damage or nuisance, are particularly small flies of the families Sciaridae (sciarid flies) and Ephydridae