American serpentine leaf miner

cosmetic damage. In tropical and subtropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown [...] usually of less significance. Seedlings and young plants can be completely destroyed as a result of the direct damage caused by leaf miners. In gerbera [...] and appearance of American serpentine leaf miner The life cycle of a leaf miner has the following stages: egg, three larval instars, a pupal instar and

Cutworms

and hide in the ground during the day. Damage from these instars is usually observed as a cutting of young seedlings, often causing death of the cut seedlings [...] the sap flow in the plant. Life cycle and appearance of Cutworms The adults of Agrotis spp. have pale grey to grey-brown forewings with a faint kidney-shaped [...] be encountered in the soil in a characteristic, circular position. Pupa are brown to dark brown and 17-25 mm long. Females are capable of laying several

Cotton aphid

with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis, with unfertilized [...] balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation occurs early enough in the season [...] season, the death of young plants. Retarded growth and defoliation reduce yield. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but has a low protein content. Aphids therefore

Phytophthora blight

was a period of mass starvation caused by this disease which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s. Life cycle and appearance of Phytophthora [...] optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering [...] blight and late / early blight of potato. Damage symptoms Phytophthora causes root rot, seedling damping off and rot of stems, bulbs, tubers, leaves and

Bacterial spot

volunteer plants and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used Prevent [...] Xanthomonas vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato causes small [...] into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start with

Flies

into a major pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the [...] rich in organic matter. Although they cause little direct damage to plants, they are often a problem due to their large number. Larvae of flies of the family [...] for flies in your crop Fly damage Flies can cause damage to crops both directly and indirectly. The type of damage depends on the species of the flies

Tomato leafminer

soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines they build silk cocoons on the leaflets or in the soil. When pupation [...] The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta), a major pest of field- and greenhouse-grown tomatoes, belongs to the family of Gelechiidae . It is oligophagous, feeding [...] cycle and appearance of Tomato leafminer The female moth of the tomato leaf miner ( Tuta absoluta ) lays about 260 eggs. The eggs of the tomato leaf miner

Diamond back moth

They are deposited singly or in small groups of two or ten eggs on both the upper and lower surface of leaves, preferentially in depressions, and rarely on [...] with a few short hairs and small white patches. The larva has five pairs of prolegs; one pair of prolegs protrudes from the posterior end, forming a distinctive [...] scales. The lower one-third of the forewing is ochreous-white, with a nearly white upper edge. In females, the upper two-thirds of the forewings are light

Caterpillars

damage crops. Most of them feed on nectar. In contrast, the caterpillars have biting and chewing mouthparts and can devour large amounts of plant tissue. Many [...] that occur in greenhouses belong to the Noctuidae (the noctuid or owl moths), which is the largest of all lepidopteran families. Most adults of this family [...] often live in rolled-up leaves. Although some species are restricted to a single crop, most are polyphagous. Find solutions for caterpillars in your crop

Woolly apple aphid

sheltering in cracks and under loose bark. The nymphs become active in late March or April (in the northern hemisphere) and around the end of May, large [...] Eriosoma lanigerum , is a serious worldwide apple pest. It is probably of North American origin and has been distributed to other parts of the world mainly via [...] contaminate leaves and fruits and can be a nuisance at harvest time. Life cycle and appearance of Woolly apple aphid In contrast to other aphids , the life