Grape powdery mildew

patches on the affected plant parts. All the above ground plant parts are susceptible to infection. Powdery growth on both the surface of the leaves. Affected [...] malformed, cracking of skin of berries, shred and rarely ripe. No fruit formation if the infection occurs early. Disease cycle Powdery growth of the fungus consists [...] favourable conditions for the pathogen severity. Management Sanitation and proper pruning after shedding of leaves. Spray Veni GoKlean at the rate 1.25 to 1.5 ml

Damping-off

later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border [...] and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger [...] enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to the growing roots of young plants and move towards them through the soil water

Gummy stem blight

be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits. The symptoms on stems, leaves and inside the fruits may occur together [...] air and the conidiospores by water drops, tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and [...] brown lesions on the foot and higher up on the stem. On the lesions, golden-brown gummy drops occur, hence the name gummy stem blight. On the lesions, black

Leaf stripe

systemic infection is the only source of primary infection. The fungus spreads from the seed into the seedling. Conidia are produced on the infected leaves when [...] formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death [...] irrigation, to decrease the chances of infection Use clean seed Avoid the use of untreated farm-saved seeds or at least test the seed before use Use resistant

Early blight

occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers [...] spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving conidia in the soil. Use resistant [...] humidity (RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general the risk of Alternaria

Pomegranate wilt complex

GoKlean at the rate 2 to 3 ml per litre of water and drench 20 to 25 litre of solution per tree to the root zone by making the ring around the tree for three [...] followed by drooping and drying of leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark greyish brown to black colouration of wood below bark and vascular [...] discoloured bands in the stem and roots. Disease cycle The fungus survives for more than 7 years in infected plant debris and soil. The pathogen spreads through

Dwarf bunt

sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and [...] appearance of Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection [...] sporidium. Two mating types are distinguished. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures

Fusarium head blight or scab

density. The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected [...] takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. Gibberella zeae [...] spread the disease. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum ) primarily infects the older, lower leaves. The spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by

Wheat bunt

sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and [...] sporidium. Two mating types are distinguished. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures [...] eventually inside the kernels. When that happens, the fungal mycelium turns into teliospores and the whole kernel becomes a bunt ball full of teliospores. These

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue and [...] primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible [...] including disinfection of tools, drippers, gutters etc. Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution