• Powdery mildew

  nutrients from the epidermal layer of plant cells. Most of the fungus remains on the outside of the plant surface. On the mycelium on the plant surface, [...] combinations. The symptoms are white fluffy colonies, first and foremost on the upper side of the leaf. In severe epidemics in cereals, the ears may also [...] infected. In pepper, the fluffy colonies occur mostly on the underside of the leaf, because the fungus infects the plant by entering through the stomata

• Dwarf bunt

  infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and eventually [...] Life cycle and appearance of Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source [...] fraction of their normal height. Spikes are generally broader and the glumes opened wider, than in plants infected with Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis

• Angular leaf spot

  appearance of Angular leaf spot Xanthomonas fragariae overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary source of infection in the spring. The bacteria [...] volunteer plants and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used [...] visible on the upper side of the leaf as irregular spots which are first reddish brown and then become necrotic. The foliar symptoms are the most important

• Charcoal rot

  wilting, dropping of leaves and collapse of the entire plant. Life cycle and appearance of Charcoal rot The fungus survives in the soil and on crop residues [...] Cutting the roots may show the same discolouration of the internal tissues of the main roots. In most crops, necrotic lesions on the roots are the first [...] spreads into the cortex and vascular tissue. In the infected host tissues, new sclerotia are formed. Wilting, falling of leaves and collapse of the whole plant

• Verticillium wilt

  produces gum in the vessels. The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt [...] recover at night. The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting the stalk horizontally reveals a slight discolouration of the vessels, brown [...] wind-dispersed to new hosts. In the senescent tissue, the resting mycelium or the microsclerotia are formed. The spread of the fungus by mycelium growth is

• Pomegranate wilt complex

  colouration of wood below bark and vascular discoloured bands in the stem and roots. Disease cycle The fungus survives for more than 7 years in infected plant [...] GoKlean at the rate 2 to 3 ml per litre of water and drench 20 to 25 litre of solution per tree to the root zone by making the ring around the tree for three [...] plants show yellowing in some branches or twigs followed by drooping and drying of leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark greyish brown

• Early blight

  General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary [...] rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving [...] lesions on stem and foot. On fruits, dark sunken, leathery lesions occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics the drippers get clogged. In tomato, excessive vegetative growth occurs. Life cycle and appearance of Crazy roots [...] system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue and causes a genetic change in the [...] crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem [...] various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the growing crop [...] seems wet and slimy. Above or below the hollow stem the vascular tissue keeps its normal colour. On the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, wa

• Deltatrap

  edges at the base of the triangle upwards Place the Pherodis capsule in the middle of the sticky insert at the bottom of the trap Application Hang the traps [...] dispensers. The dispensers release a species-specific sex pheromone which lures the males of the particular pest into the trap. Once in the trap they get [...] get stuck in the glue and are easy to detect, count and identify. Trapping males also aids in reducing the number of eggs laid by females as they fail to