• Black leg of seedlings

  are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature [...] soil or substrate. Oospores are dispersed when soil particles are moved around by humans or machinery. Pythium can survive very well in the soil or substrate [...] temperature. Pythium ultimum mostly occurs at low soil or water temperatures and causes among others cereal diseases. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots

• Fusarium spp.

  foot and/or root rot of the infected host plant, and the disease may manifest as wilting, stunting and chlorosis or lesions on the stem and/or leaves. Life [...] mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place [...] crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens and can only infect wounded or stressed host plants. Three pathogens can be distinguished: Fusarium oxysporum

• Damping-off

  are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature [...] soil or substrate. Oospores are dispersed when soil particles are moved around by humans or machinery. Pythium can survive very well in the soil or substrate [...] . Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs at higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  stem rot). Damage symptoms In tomato, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora causes bacterial stem rot as well as soft rot. Stem [...] Stem rot is first noticed when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the [...] the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem seems wet and slimy. Above or below the hollow stem the vascular tissue keeps its normal colour. On the fruits

• Root and crown rot of strawberry

  ization to water stress (either too much or too little water), or that are damaged by for example handling or pests. Optimum temperature for Pestalotiopsis [...] rose diseases. Damage symptoms Pestalotiopsis clavispora causes discoloration or brown necrotic areas in crown and root of strawberry. Plant development is [...] Pestalotiopsis clavispora is 19-23 °C and high humidity or free water stimulates disease development. How to prevent Root and crown rot of strawberry Avoid stress:

• Black sigatoka disease

  conidiophores with new conidia or grow across the surface and infect adjacent stomata. Both types of spores can germinate within two or three hours under humid [...] prevent Black sigatoka disease Use resistant cultivars Remove or burn infected leaves or at least stack them, so the spores cannot be discharged from the [...] sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis ) first causes small, light yellow spots or streaks on leaves of about one month old. The symptoms run parallel to the

• Phytophthora blight

  either germinate directly or produce zoospores), chlamydospores (thick-walled mycelium cells which are resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are [...] spreads more rapidly when the water content of the soil or substrate is higher than normal or optimal for crop growth. How to prevent Phytophthora blight [...] damping off and rot of stems, bulbs, tubers, leaves and fruits. Late blight or Phytophthora blight (Phytophtora infestans f.sp. infestans ) causes water-soaked

• Blight of pepper

  either germinate directly or produce zoospores), chlamydospores (thick-walled mycelium cells which are resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are [...] spreads more rapidly when the water content of the soil or substrate is higher than normal or optimal for crop growth. How to prevent Blight of pepper [...] crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering spores)

• Apple collar rot

  either germinate directly or produce zoospores), chlamydospores (thick-walled mycelium cells which are resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are [...] spreads more rapidly when the water content of the soil or substrate is higher than normal or optimal for crop growth. How to prevent Apple collar rot [...] crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering spores)

• Apple scab

  to dark brown velvety spots on leaves Brown or black lesions on developing fruit Cracked, corky, misshapen, or rusted fruit as lesions expand Premature leaf [...] disease risk. Inspect orchards for: Olive-green or brown lesions on young leaves and developing fruit Brown or black spots on cluster leaves, extension shoots [...] shoots, and developing fruit Premature leaf yellowing or drop Disease development after rainfall or prolonged leaf wetness Weather-based forecasting models