Loose smut of barley

survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It [...] smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives [...] inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During maturation of the seed, the mycelium becomes thick-walled and swollen as a dormant survival structure. Infection

Fusarium head blight or scab

density. The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected [...] possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip [...] spread the disease. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum ) primarily infects the older, lower leaves. The spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by

Black rot of carrots

General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] radicina ) is a seed-transferred carrot disease. The seeds are the main source of primary infection and this may lead to death of seedlings. From the primary infection [...] leaves, this type of carrot disease can spread to the flowers (especially dangerous in crops for seed production) and to the crown. Lesions of black rot of

Bacterial canker of tomato

to eradicate the infection. In tomato, growers must either destroy the infected crop entirely or, if the crop is old, only the plants in the infected area [...] with a brown centre. In potato, the disease usually only occurs in the second half of the season. The first symptoms are wilting of the lower leaves and [...] expansion of the wilt upwards. Cutting the stem at the foot shows whitish ooze with bacteria in the case of C lavibacter infection, but other than that the disease

Click beetles

fully grown the larvae pupate in the soil in summer. The adults appear about 4 weeks after pupation, but usually remain in the soil until the following spring [...] and feed on the roots of many plants. Damage symptoms The click beetles feed on the roots and bore into the base of plants. This can cause the plants to [...] laid in May or June in groups in the soil. They hatch about one month later and the larvae start to feed on roots. The larvae (‘wireworms’) are long, thin

Fusarium wilt

one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are [...] oxysporum is the only Fusarium that actually grows inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species [...] possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip

Rose aphid

is dark in colour. The siphunculi are black and bent outwards. The rose aphid usually overwinters on rose bushes in the egg stage, although in mild winter [...] presence in the crop. Wingless females of the rose aphid are 1.7-3.6 mm long and green or deep pink to red-brown. The antennae and sometimes the head is [...] of aphids can build up on roses in spring and summer; sometimes shoots are completely covered by aphids. In summer, winged aphids spread the infestation

Rice

climates however, it can be grown as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for as long as 30 years. The edible seeds of the plant (caryopsis) are usually between [...] actually the seed of two particular species of grass: Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). Rice is a serial grain and the most popular [...] for a large part of the world population, especially in Asia. Rice is a monocotyledon and is usually cultivated as an annual plant. In tropical climates

Coffee

About Coffee beans are the source of one of the most popular beverages in the world. They are in fact, not actual beans, but the seeds of Coffea , a genus [...] fruit called ‘cherries’. These contain two seeds, the coffee beans. One of the most widely grown coffee crops is the Coffea arabica which bears fruit only after [...] Asia. Grown widely in the tropics, cultivated coffee is grown best at high elevations, but cannot grow at temperatures below zero. The shrub produces red

Loose smut of wheat

survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It [...] Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives [...] inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During maturation of the seed, the mycelium becomes thick-walled and swollen as a dormant survival structure. Infection