• Southern blight

  or compact. The sclerotia have a resistance structure resulting in longevity of more than five years in the soil, in a dry environment. Both the sclerotia [...] rotting of the stem, resulting in the destruction of the cortex and the main root. In highly humid conditions, white mycelium growth is observed on the plant’s [...] sclerotia and the mycelium are a source of inoculum, as the fungus can survive saprophytically in agricultural debris in the form of mycelium, which then forms

• Gummy stem blight

  tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards [...] bryoniae) is a fungal plant pathogen that causes gummy stem blight. Damage symptoms Mycosphaerella cucumis in cucumber causes brown lesions on the foot and [...] and higher up on the stem. On the lesions, golden-brown gummy drops occur, hence the name gummy stem blight. On the lesions, black specks, the new fruiting

• Early blight

  stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the [...] and at a relative humidity (RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general [...] rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving

• Fusarium wilt

  General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] cycle, is similar to that of most Fusarium species. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores [...] different formae speciales which are each selectively pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one crop, different formae speciales may occur

• Angular leaf spot

  most important, but also all types of vascular tissue of the crown can be infected, creating a look similar to that of a Phytophthora fragariae infection [...] also introduced in a crop in new transplants. This bacterium is very resistant to desiccation and can survive well in dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but [...] is a leaf spot disease found in strawberry. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas fragariae initially causes small, water-soaked lesions on the underside of the

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  symptoms of Grapevine powdery mildew Symptoms of grapevine powdery mildew vary according to the phenological growth stage and the severity of the infection [...] leaf surface Development of white to grey, powdery fungal growth Powdery coating may also appear on the underside of leaves Leaf curling, distortion, and [...] powdery fungal growth on berries Inhibited berry expansion and abnormal development Cracking of berry skin as fruit enlarges Increased risk of secondary infections

• Black rot of carrots

  Species may differ in specific symptoms. Life cycle and appearance of Black rot of carrots Black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) is a seed-transferred [...] stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the [...] Survival can be several years, in the case of black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) up to 8 years. Damage symptoms Black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina

• Charcoal rot

  Macrophomina phaseolina is a common soil fungus in warmer regions, causing charcoal rot. It has a very wide range of host crops, many of which are economically [...] tissues of the main roots. In most crops, necrotic lesions on the roots are the first symptoms, followed by wilting, dropping of leaves and collapse of the [...] cycle and appearance of Charcoal rot The fungus survives in the soil and on crop residues as microsclerotia. In corn stalks, survival of up to 1.5 years has

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  They cause lesions on the upper leaf surface, bordered by the veins, which are first yellow and then turn brown. On the underside of the leave fluffy growth [...] leaves and after a while new spore-bearing structures are protruding from the stomata. Because there are more stomata on the underside of the leaf, this [...] General Pseudoperonospora cubensis is a plant pathogen causing downy mildew on cucurbit crops like cucumber, cantaloupe, pumpkin, watermelon and squash

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  ascospores. In general, most Fusarium specieshave a similar life cycle. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues of infected plants [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected