• Phytophthora blight

  es between 15 and 23 °C and higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the [...] ting and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the soil and water splash promote disease. Ensure fast drying and wound [...] growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures

• Dwarf bunt

  in the next season. The optimum temperature for germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten weeks for germination. The seedlings are infected after [...] the fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use clean, disinfected seed The use of soil fungicides can help reduce the soil-borne inoculum [...] fraction of their normal height. Spikes are generally broader and the glumes opened wider, than in plants infected with Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis

• Apple collar rot

  ting and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the soil and water splash promote disease. Ensure fast drying and wound [...] belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They thrive at soil temperatures between 15 and 23 °C and higher water content than [...] growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures

• Amblyseius swirskii

  spider mites and tarsonemid mites. They can also feed on pollen, which is useful for instance in sweet pepper crops as the predatory mite can establish in [...] conditions for use of Amblyseius swirskii Amblyseius swirskii is most effective at temperatures between 20 and 32°C (68 and 90°F). It is not effective at temperatures [...] Amblyseius swirskii can also survive on pollen and other prey and can establish in the crop before the pest appears. These predatory mites are employed as part

• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  infected trees. The infected trees grow slower than normal and look stunted. Twigs and branches die and the foliage becomes thinner, but the trees don’t die [...] killed and the trees die. Life cycle and appearance of Pierce's disease of grapevine The bacteria live in xylem vessels in roots, stems and leaves and multiply [...] infected vectors or dormant plants. In citrus, the bacteria can be transferred in seed used for propagation. The bacteria are limited in many regions by winter

• Apple scab

  released at heavy rainfall. They germinate between 6 and 26 °C. At optimum temperatures, between 18 and 24 °C, only 9 hours of leaf wetness is required, at lower [...] petioles and fruits and sometimes on twigs and bud scales. The lesions are olive-green. When spores are produced, the lesions become grey and fluffy. The [...] ascospores and risk of infection, a decision support systems has been build. This system warns growers about conducive periods and when they are to be expected

• Wheat bunt

  fungi may form new isolates that can break resistance Use clean, disinfected seed The use of soil fungicides can help reduce the soil-borne inoculum Sowing [...] General Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis only differ in one gene and easily hybridize. There is debate whether they should indeed be considered separate [...] Soil moisture between field capacity and permanent wilting point is best for infection. How to prevent Wheat bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  keeps its normal colour. On the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural [...] plants through fresh wounds, for example pruning wounds. It cannot infect healthy green leaves, but can grow in senescent leaves and from there grow through [...] High humidity is required for disease development. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora can also be found as secondary pathogen

• Loose smut of wheat

  viability and germination rate should be checked and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use of seeds [...] appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The [...] during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates

• Powdery mildew

  Powdery mildew Use resistant cultivars whenever available Extra Silicon and/or Calcium nutrition hardens the cell walls and makes it harder for the fungi to [...] don’t need nutrients or water for germination. In general, the development rate of the epidemic is fastest at 18-25 °C. High relative humidity (RH) promotes [...] white fluffy colonies, first and foremost on the upper side of the leaf. In severe epidemics in cereals, the ears may also be infected. In pepper, the fluffy