Gerbera

family of daisies or Asteraceae . The flowering plant is originally from South Africa and grew among others in the Cape Province and Transvaal region. Nowadays [...] Gerbera viridifolia. The result is generally known as Gerbera hybrida and there are now many cultivars that differ greatly in size, shape and colour. The main [...] orange, red and pink, but one flower can have petals in varying colours. In addition, the gerbera is also used as a model organism with regards to botanical

Grapes

and thus has been cultivated in Morocco and Portugal, southern Germany and Iran. The grape is the fruit of this plant and is actually a berry. Grapes are [...] common grape vine ( Vitis vinifera ) is a species of Vitis . The plant comes originally from the Mediterranean region, central Europe and southwestern Asia [...] when it comes to the production of wine, but also table grapes. Still, cultivars of the Vitis vinifera are the basis of wine production around the world

Tomato leaf miner

crop damage in many parts of the world, including North Africa, Europe and northern Asia. In warmer regions, the insect is found outdoors but in temperate [...] areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting vegetable crops, however [...] temperate regions it only occurs in greenhouses. The tomato leaf miner has been found in greenhouses for decades, but has become a common pest since the 1960’s

Cottony cushion scale

through most of the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. It is also periodically discovered in greenhouses in temperate regions, but is not generally [...] cushion scale, Icerya purchasi , is considered to have originated in Australia. It was accidentally introduced to California in about 1868 and devastated the [...] the citrus industry there until a natural enemy from Australia was introduced in 1888. This was the first ever example of successful classical biological

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

which orange-red masses of two-celled conidia are exuded. Secondary infection is by splash dispersal of these conidia. There is no known sexual stage. Ascochyta [...] ) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] Life cycle and appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Ascochyta pisi hardly survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic

Thrips

problems in agriculture and horticulture. Thrips are small insects (0.5-14 mm), with the largest species found in the tropics. In temperate regions they are [...] brown. The vigour of the plant is also reduced by loss of chlorophyll. With a serious infestation the leaves themselves can shrivel, and there can be varying [...] transmission of viruses, the best known of which is tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), mainly transmitted by F. occidentalis. Life cycle of thrips Thrips

Apple scab

cycle and appearance of Apple scab Venturia inaequalis overwinters in the form of unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. [...] released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have already [...] mechanism is to produce corky rings around the lesions to prevent further invasion of tissue by the fungus. Late fruit infection only results in small dark

Southern blight

and rotting of the stem, resulting in the destruction of the cortex and the main root. In highly humid conditions, white mycelium growth is observed on [...] structure resulting in longevity of more than five years in the soil, in a dry environment. Both the sclerotia and the mycelium are a source of inoculum, as the [...] agricultural regions, predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas, where conditions of high humidity and high temperature followed by periods of drought

Leaf miners

quantity of foliage can be lost before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host [...] Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies whose larvae tunnel into the leaves of plants, creating ‘mines’. There are many species of leaf miner affecting [...] genus Liriomyza and are very common in temperate regions. Find solutions for leaf miners in your crop Life cycle of leaf miners Leaf miner damage Leaf miners

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical [...] subtropical regions and is transferred by the introduction of propagation materials (seed potatoes, cuttings of ornamentals ) from warmer regions. Different [...] range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field symptoms of Ralstonia solanacearum are wilting and yellowing of leaves and stunted plants