• Western flower thrips

  developed. Damage symptoms Thrips cause damage to plants by piercing the cells of the surface tissues and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding

• Grape downy mildew

  hyphae extend intercellularly, forming haustoria to parasitize mesophyll cells. The latent period (the time from infection to visible symptoms) ranges from

• Fusarium spp.

  crop residues of infected plants, as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools

• Mealybugs and scales

  scales, produce no honeydew. They feed by sucking the contents of epidermal cells, into which they inject toxic substances that cause yellow, red or brown