• Verticillium wilt

  both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed to new hosts. In [...] erticillium albo-atrum and Verticillium dahlia e are the most important plant pathogens. Verticillium dahlia causes verticillium wilt and early dying of potato [...] microsclerotia, small hard survival structures that can withstand high and low temperatures and dehydration. Verticillium dahliae also survives as hyphae (mycelium)

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  warmer regions. Different races are distinguished with a differing, but overlapping host-range. Race 3 is pretty much restricted to potato and tomato. Whereas [...] well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts like weeds. It invades the plants through wounds or stomata and then spreads into [...] Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical and subtropical regions and is transferred

• Green peach aphid

  individuals have a brown-black head and thorax and a yellow-green to green or even reddish abdomen. They have a dark brown spot on the abdomen and several [...] transmit at least 100 different viruses and is thus rightfully feared by many growers. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance [...] tips. Life cycle and appearance of green peach aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety

• Pollination checklist outdoor

  on the crop and the presence of other pollinating insects. Bumblebees and honeybees are able to complement each other's pollination work and can therefore [...] minutes before opening the little doors to give the bumblebees to time to become calm again. Transportation and shaking movements can make the bumblebees [...] by bumblebees in addition to the target crop. You should therefore mow or cut down any flowering weeds in and around the area to be pollinated. Protect the

• Citrus mealybug

  short lived and can be hard to spot. They are smaller than the females, have two pairs of wings and two long tail filaments. Their sole task is to fertilize [...] distribution and many and diverse host plants. In temperate regions of the world this mealybug poses a problem in greenhouse horticulture, and in the tropics [...] croton and kalanchoë, but also in roses and gerbera. Additionally, the citrus mealybug ( Planococcus citri ) can also appear in cucumber, melon and aubergine

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  dispersed by rain and wind and by humans and tools. Until now, no bacteria have been isolated from crazy roots. This disease seems to be caused by a change [...] roots, hairy roots and crown gall. Damage symptoms The four pathogenic Rhizobium species cause different symptoms, like galls, tumours and excessive root growth [...] which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the crown. Furthermore

• Bugs

  cause extensive damage to greenhouse and field crops by feeding on plant tissues and fruits, leading to deformation, discoloration, and yield loss. Effective [...] insects, containing both harmful and beneficial species. Heteropteran bugs are insects which have flattened bodies and fold their wings flat over their [...] puncturing leaves and growing points with their piercing-sucking mouthparts and extracting nutrients from them, resulting in deformations and puncture holes

• Fall Armyworm

  of the Fall Armyworm Adult moths are 20 to 25 mm long and have a wingspan of 32-38 mm. They are nocturnal and most active during the warm, humid evenings [...] eggs in clusters of 150-200 and can lay up to 2000 eggs in a lifetime. Eggs are white, pinkish or light green and spherical, and are usually laid on the underside [...] caterpillars ) are 30-40 mm long. They have six instars that vary in colour from light tan to green to black. They have a distinct white inverted Y-shaped

• Grower Koen - Embracing biological crop protection in agriculture

  remains necessary to prevent crop failures and ensure food supply. While traditional and organic farming methods are getting closer due to a reduced chemical [...] of agriculture, where traditional and organic practices complement each other, and how organic and traditional farming are getting closer together. "The [...] protection . As a result, he acquires a lot of knowledge and is prepared to fully transition to biological crop protection when the government decides that

• Aphids

  colour forms, or resistance to pesticides, remain unchanged and unsorted. The young aphids are born as developed nymphs and begin to feed instantly on plant [...] mainly on Solanaceae and various ornamental crops, e.g. begonia. Aphids life cycle Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of [...] , aphid eggs have been observed. Aphids damage Depending on the species, aphids can inflict various types of damage to a crop: Nymphs and adults extract