• Grapevine powdery mildew

  drop Uneven and abnormal cluster development Powdery coating on clusters resulting in loose, misshapen bunches Reduced yield potential Berry symptoms High

• Biological seed treatment

  boosted; Biological seed treatment reduces the use of agrochemicals which results in a lower exposure of growers to chemicals and lessens their impact on

• Cotton aphid

  nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the

• Tobacco aphid

  nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the

• Flies

  damage depends on the species of the flies. Direct damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding on root hairs and tender roots as well as stem and leaf

• Whitefly

  large, feeding on plant sap can affect the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt and drop

• Thrips

  sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting silver-grey patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate

• Potato aphid

  nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the

• Tomato leaf miner

  significance. Seedlings and young plants can be completely destroyed as a result of the direct damage caused by leaf miners. Indirect damage arises when

• Western flower thrips

  sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting silver-grey patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate