• Black leg of seedlings

  temperatures and causes among others cereal diseases. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings. Infected plants lag in growth [...] irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or [...] are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature

• Apple scab

  petioles and fruits and sometimes on twigs and bud scales. The lesions are olive-green. When spores are produced, the lesions become grey and fluffy. The [...] unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter and form ascospores. Depending [...] are released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have

• Pomegranate wilt complex

  below bark and vascular discoloured bands in the stem and roots. Disease cycle The fungus survives for more than 7 years in infected plant debris and soil. [...] plants show yellowing in some branches or twigs followed by drooping and drying of leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark greyish [...] insects, farm machinery and intercultural operations. Management Mix Veni GoKlean at the rate 2 to 3 ml per litre of water and drench 20 to 25 litre of

• Verticillium wilt

  system usually stays mostly intact. In rose, branches die off from the top and purple brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato, sometimes V-shaped lesions [...] periods (many years) in the soil as microsclerotia, small hard survival structures that can withstand high and low temperatures and dehydration. Verticillium [...] fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed to new hosts. In the senescent

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  away. Infection in the early stages of the crop results in stunted growth and smaller leaves with an intense green colour. Severe infection in this stage may [...] are slightly sunken and are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The lesions may grow and encircle the root. The [...] sclerotioides survives in the soil and is a strong saprophytic competitor, which means it can rapidly colonize ‘clean’ or sterilized soil and substrate. It aggregates

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem seems wet and slimy. Above or below the hollow [...] the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later [...] survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  lycopersici survives in the soil and in buried tomato roots as microsclerotia. The microsclerotia germinate and produce mycelium that in turn infect the roots [...] tomatoes and aubergine. It causes brown root rot and corky root rot. Damage symptoms The first signs of this disease, are poorly looking plants in localized [...] destruction of the root system and subsequent loss of vigour and further wilting. Life cycle and appearance of Brown root rot, corky root rot Pyrenochaeta l

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  root rot, foot and stem rot, leaf lesions, fruit rot, fusarium head blight in cereals, such as wheat (fusarium head blight wheat) and post-harvest decay [...] chlamydospores and ascospores in crop residues. Primary infection is from this inoculum or from infected seed. Infected seed doesn’t germinate well and seedlings [...] between 4 and 35 °C, with an optimum between 25 and 28 °C. Germination only occurs at relative humidity (RH) above 80%. Warm (25-30 °C) and humid (RH above

• Grape downy mildew

  diseases in wine and table grape production worldwide. The disease spreads rapidly under warm and wet conditions, infecting leaves, shoots, and young berries [...] leaf drop in severe infections, reducing photosynthesis and vine vigor Shoot and tendril symptoms Brown to dark lesions on young shoots and tendrils Distorted [...] berries, often resulting in severe yield and quality losses. Infections during flowering and early berry development pose the greatest risk to crop performance

• Cercospora leaf spot

  favours the spread of the disease and severity. The fungus has the ability to overwinter in plant debris and remains in the field for long time. Management [...] to large grey centres and dark brown margins. The spots may enlarge to 1 cm to more and later coalesce. The spots dry up results in shot-hole appearance [...] leaves. Severely infected leaves drop off prematurely results in reduced yield. Stem, petiole and pods are also infected with Cercospora with typical grey centres