• Blight of pepper

  the overwintering structures which infect the host. Zoospores are spores with flagellae, which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually [...] and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia are formed that protrude through the stomata. Secondary infection [...] resistant cultivars when available Prevent over-irrigating and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the soil and water

• Charcoal rot

  prevent Charcoal rot Plant in fields with no history of the disease Use disease-free planting material Rotate with non-host crops to reduce inoculum in [...] in the soil Minimize plant stress with optimal irrigation and fertilization regimes Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and crop resilience

• Verticillium wilt

  symptoms. In many crops, the fungus can be present without clear symptoms or with only partial wilting. Life cycle and appearance of Verticillium wilt Verticillium [...] the vessels of the plant and produces spores that are transported upwards with the transpiration stream. As a defence mechanism, the plant produces gum [...] optimum temperature around 25-27 °C. How to prevent Verticillium wilt Start with clean soil or substrate by heating it at a temperature if at least 65 o C

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] zeae (Fusarium graminearum ) germinate at temperatures between 4 and 35 °C, with an optimum between 25 and 28 °C. Germination only occurs at relative humidity [...] cultivars Use clean propagation materials (seed can be treated effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery

• Cotton bollworm

  reddish-brown with dark spots. In later instars the head is mottled, and the body is marked with three prominent longitudinal dark bands with numerous lighter [...] They are almost spherical with a flattened base and a diameter of about 0.5 mm. They are at first a shiny yellowish white, with their colour changing to [...] aggressive and cannibalistic. Pupation occurs in the soil, with pupae of 14 to 18 mm long, with a brown, smooth body surface. Adult female cotton bollworms

• Root rot of carrot

  slow-growing fungus that can infect both roots and foliage. The infection starts with small black spots over the entire surface of the carrot. These spots gradually [...] and the air. The fungus develops at temperatures ranging from -3°C to 25°C, with an optimum around 18°C. Lesions are dark brown to black, moist, mostly circular [...] Rhexocercosporidium carotae develops at temperatures ranging from -3°C to 25°C, with an optimum around 18°C; temperature affects both host defense processes and

• Black sigatoka disease

  Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and turn brown with light grey centres. These spots enlarge further and the tissue around the [...] infection, hyphae emerge from the stomata and either develop into conidiophores with new conidia or grow across the surface and infect adjacent stomata. Both

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  required. Inside the plant, the pathogens produce haustoria, small organs with which the pathogen can take up nutrients from the living plant cells. The [...] prevent Downey mildew Choose resistant cultivars Use a wide crop rotation with non-host crops Prevent a humid microclimate. Achieve this by lowering crop

• Fusarium spp.

  Fusarium spp. is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are [...] cycle and appearance of Fusarium spp. Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of [...] rotation Use clean propagation material (seed can be treated effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  yellowing of leaves and stunted plants. Inside, vascular browning is common with bacterial slime oozing from the cut. When the bacteria transfers to young [...] cuttings of ornamentals ) from warmer regions. Different races are distinguished with a differing, but overlapping host-range. Race 3 is pretty much restricted [...] potatoes for propagation, since cutting tubers can increase disease incidence with up to 250% Quarantine measures are in place, including a five-year ban on