• Cottony soft rot

  source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants is by mycelial growth. How to prevent Cottony soft rot Practice dry cultivation/be [...] Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an optimum between 13 and 15 °C. Germination and infection mostly take place at high soil water [...] soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) infection are water-soaked lesions at the stem base. The plant above it wilts and rots. White, fluffy fungal mycelium

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  yellow-brown to black and ultimately die. Black lesions with fruiting bodies occur more commonly at temperatures of approximately 20 °C whereas at 10 °C the [...] stripes. The disease is usually restricted to a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final stage of the disease, only vascular [...] the life cycle. The fungus is dispersed by water, air and soil particles. How to prevent Black root rot of cucurbits Test for the presence of Phomopsis

• Verticillium wilt

  temperature around 25-27 °C. How to prevent Verticillium wilt Start with clean soil or substrate by heating it at a temperature if at least 65 o C for a minimum [...] The wilting starts at the lower leaves. These leaves are pale-green, then orange-yellow. In the beginning the plant seems to recover at night. The symptoms [...] the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed to new hosts. In the senescent tissue

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later the fruit becomes soft [...] potato is a different subspecies. How to prevent Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot Prevent high humidity Use sanitation to prevent spread within the crop [...] bacterial stem rot as well as soft rot. Stem rot is first noticed when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  Ascochyta fungi develop most rapidly at temperatures below 20 °C and the spores require water for dispersal. How to prevent Pea blight, leaf and pod spot [...] elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The [...] pinodella ) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  fungus is a poor competitor against a balanced microbial population in soil. How to prevent Brown root rot, corky root rot Field crops: Fumigate the soil Practise [...] interveinal chlorosis of leaves and premature defoliation may occur. Looking at the roots, there are three different symptoms. Small feeder roots rot completely [...] temperatures for disease development lie between 15 and 20 °C. Development reduces at temperatures above 20 °C. The fungus produces pycnidia containing conidiophores

• Gummy stem blight

  upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards. How to prevent Gummy stem blight Before cropping: Remove all crop debris and disinfect [...] on all plant parts at all times Extra Silicon and/or Calcium nutrition hardens the cell walls and makes it harder for the fungi to enter the leaves Pick [...] simultaneously. The spores germinate when free water is present on the plant, at high relative humidity (RH) and on wounds. Leaves can be infected directly

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  graminearum ) germinate at temperatures between 4 and 35 °C, with an optimum between 25 and 28 °C. Germination only occurs at relative humidity (RH) above [...] (25-30 °C) and humid (RH above 85%) conditions increase chances of infection. How to prevent Fusarium head blight or scab Remove or destroy crop residues Choose [...] Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off

• Wheat bunt

  correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days after sowing, with maximum disease incidence at an average temperature of around 6 to 7 °C during [...] teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionaly, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] between field capacity and permanent wilting point is best for infection. How to prevent Wheat bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may form

• Dwarf bunt

  This disease occurs mostly at some elevation and after prolonged snow cover which ensures a period of low soil temperatures. How to prevent Dwarf bunt Use [...] teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionally, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten weeks for germination. The seedlings are infected after emergence; the two- to three-leaf stage plants are most