• Apple collar rot

  zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required. Dispersal by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be

• Onion thrips

  can shrivel. Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) is found mostly along the main leaf veins, with most damage evident where these veins join. Fruit damage, for

• Phytophthora blight

  zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to

• Black leg of seedlings

  damping-off ’). In slightly older plants, the leaves lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the plants recover

• Glasshouse potato aphid

  in the crop can cause deformed growth above with lumpy leaves and curled leaf margins. The immediate effects of piercing by the aphids are visible in lower

• Damping-off

  f disease. In slightly older plants, the leaves lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the plants recover

• Flies

  result of larvae feeding on root hairs and tender roots as well as stem and leaf tissue and fruits. The lesions caused by feeding larvae provide invasion

• Thrips

  in greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding and virus transmission cause leaf deformation, silvering and fruit damage, leading to reduced yield and ma

• Western flower thrips

  many ornamental crops. Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis on a leaf Life cycle and appearance of Western flower thrips The western flower thrips

• Caterpillars

  underside of leaves. This causes a window effect where the epidermis of the upper leaf surface remains undamaged. Young caterpillars are often found in groups,