• Loose smut of wheat

  infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose [...] Infection mostly occurs before pollination and within one to two days after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of wheat Use clean seed: Apply systemic [...] and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use of seeds from infected fields for further cropping

• Grape mealy bug

  affected due to its cottony egg mass, honey dew, sooty mould and dead mealy bugs on grape berries. Infected bunches are not suitable for making raisins. Life [...] General Mealy bug causes increasing threat to grape cultivation which leads to considerable yield loss. Damage symptoms Adults and nymphs suck the sap [...] due to infestation of growing points. Honey dew secretion of mealy bugs support sooty mould growth on infected area. Young vines often die due to severe

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  symptoms are found. How to prevent Downey mildew Choose resistant cultivars Use a wide crop rotation with non-host crops Prevent a humid microclimate. [...] cuticula. For germination free water is required. For most downy mildews, the optimum temperature is around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this [...] from the stomata. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew Pathogens causing downy mildew are not fungi but Oomycetes and related to Pythium and Phytophthora

• Fall Armyworm

  disperse in a radius of about 500 km (300 miles) before oviposition, which is sufficient for them to move from seasonally dry habitats to wet habitats [...] Central America. This makes it possible for fall armyworms to spread over large areas rapidly. Adults fly by night, and are attracted to lights, especially [...] ragged or torn (similar to hailstorm damage in appearance). Life cycle of the Fall Armyworm Adult moths are 20 to 25 mm long and have a wingspan of 32-38 mm

• Knowing & recognizing

  Koppert - A knowledge company The use of biological control is not a simple process, it has become a complex system in which many aspects need to be considered [...] need for knowledge has been recognized by Koppert for over 50 years. Recent scientific discoveries concerning beneficial microorganisms have led to new [...] with the necessary information to understand the interaction between pests, diseases and their natural enemies. It explains how they spread in the crop, the

• Spotted Wing Drosophila

  susceptible to infestation. Life cycle and appearance of Spotted wing drosophila Adult spotted-wing drosophila are small, 2-3 mm in lengthg, and have a wingspan [...] females by a large dark spot on each wing, where their common name is derived from. Females have a strong saw-like ovipositor that is used to penetrate [...] respiration tubes extend from the fruit but are difficult to see. Larval feeding in the fruit leads to fruit tissue collapse. Even if the fruits have not collapsed

• Cotton aphid

  Plant sap is rich in sugars, but has a low protein content. Aphids therefore need to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess [...] Cotton aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses reproduction takes [...] population. Large individuals (up to 1.8 mm long) are usually dark green to black, while aphids produced in overcrowded colonies at a high temperature can be much

• Cottony soft rot

  tubers, thereby creating a source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants is by mycelial growth. How to prevent Cottony soft rot [...] cottony soft root, is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Damage symptoms The first symptoms of a cottony soft root ( S [...] leaves, fruits and pods. Root infection often leads to premature wilting and death of plants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony soft rot Cottony soft root

• Potato aphid

  these days distributed throughout the world. It is a highly polyphagous species with a preference for Solanaceae (particularly potato), but has also been [...] Plant sap is rich in sugars, but has a low protein content. Aphids therefore need to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess [...] Potato aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. When reproduction is asexual, the

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  the spores require water for dispersal. How to prevent Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Grow peas in arid regions Use clean seed Use a minimum crop rotation [...] General Ascochyta pisi is a fungal plant pathogen that causes A scochyta blight on pea (leaf blight or pea blight) and lesions of stems, leaves, and pods [...] more elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves