• Loose smut of barley

  and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use of seeds from infected fields for further cropping [...] Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during [...] becomes thick-walled and swollen as a dormant survival structure. Infection mostly occurs before pollination and within one to two days after pollination.

• Loose smut of wheat

  and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use of seeds from infected fields for further cropping [...] Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during [...] becomes thick-walled and swollen as a dormant survival structure. Infection mostly occurs before pollination and within one to two days after pollination.

• Tomato leafminer

  Datura stramonium, Lycium chilense , and Solanum nigrum. Damage symptoms The most distinctive symptoms of damage done by the tomato leaf miner ( Tuta absoluta) [...] fungal diseases to enter, leading to rotting fruit before or after harvest. Life cycle and appearance of Tomato leafminer The female moth of the tomato leaf [...] are nocturnal and usually hide between leaves during the day. Recommended for you Plant Pests

• Tobacco whitefly

  insecticides and its propensity for the transmission of viruses. Damage symptoms The larvae of whitefly need a lot of protein for growth, and thus consume a [...] Greece in 1889, hence the name tabaci . It has subsequently been found in most tropical and subtropical countries of the world. The original habitat was [...] of sooty moulds ( Cladosporium spp .) is encouraged, making it unsuitable for sale. In serious cases the fruit will rot. Sooty moulds also develop on the

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  sclerotia which can survive adverse conditions for years in the soil, but little else is known about the life cycle. The fungus is dispersed by water, air [...] demarcation line on cucumber roots. The lesions are slightly sunken and are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The [...] distinguish from other wilt diseases. The fungus can also cause black fruit rot. Life cycle and appearance of Black root rot of cucurbits Phomopsis sclerotioides

• Damping-off

  stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs at higher [...] higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage [...] older plants, the leaves lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the plants recover during the night, but

• Charcoal rot

  In most crops, necrotic lesions on the roots are the first symptoms, followed by wilting, dropping of leaves and collapse of the entire plant. Life cycle [...] leaves usually remain unaffected and stay green. The first symptoms are mostly found after plants are well established and after plants begin bearing fruit [...] but this is not considered a main source of infection. Optimum conditions for this fungus are temperatures above 32 °C and dry conditions. In field crops

• Leaf stripe

  temperature during seedling emergence is critical for infection. Soil temperatures below 12 °C are most conducive for this disease and infection does not occur [...] The leaf splits at the end which makes it look shredded. This is typical for this disease. Infected plants may be stunted and heads may be distorted and [...] reduced and kernels may be brown. The symptoms do not always occur together. Life cycle and appearance of Leaf stripe Pyrenophora graminea is monocyclic, which

• Black leg of seedlings

  stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature. Pythium ultimum mostly occurs at low soil [...] older plants, the leaves lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the plants recover during the night, but [...] is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Black leg of seedlings Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes

• Aphidius ervi

  products for advice on the best strategy for your situation. Best conditions for use of Aphidius ervi The parasitic wasp Aphidius ervi is most effective [...] valuable agent for integrated pest management . Adult wasps do not feed on aphids but require only nectar and water to sustain themselves. Life cycle and [...] can parasitize hundreds of aphids within two days. Aphidius ervi is used for the control of the following pests: Potato aphid ( Macrosiphum euphorbiae