Grape downy mildew
viticola) relies on a preventive and integrated approach. Since the pathogen remains latent before symptoms emerge, control strategies should focus on reducing [...] e, characteristic ‘oil spots’ on the upper surface of young, actively growing leaves, followed by downy white growth on the underside, are typical early [...] 7–10 days post-infection (depending on temperature and humidity), the disease is often well-established before it can be visually detected in the field. Leaf