Citrus leaf miner

enter the leaf tissues of tender leaves and feeding on them produces snake-like mine. This causes the leaves to curl and twist. Severe infestation causes the [...] the leaves turn pale, curl badly, dry off and growth retardation of younger trees. Life cycle and appearance The moth lays the eggs singly up to 50 on lower [...] mid-rib. The caterpillar enters the leaf tissue after hatching from the egg and starts mining between the two layers. The larvae excrete their faeces into

Pink Bollworm

Reduction of lint development, discolouration, and destruction of seed. Premature drop off infested bud and immature bolls. Premature opened bolls attract [...] to grow in it. Life cycle and appearance Pink bollworm lays eggs all over the cotton plant, preferably on or near the buds and flowers. Each female lay [...] internally within the pod and making an exit hole at maturation. Pupation takes place in soil, about 50mm below the ground and adults emerge after about

Leafhoppers

leaves, stems and fruits, causing serious damage to greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding reduces photosynthesis, weakens plants and directly affects [...] affects yield and quality. Effective caterpillar control is therefore essential for maintaining healthy and productive crops. Biological control of caterpillars [...] detection and mass trapping of adult moths, while beneficial nematodes target caterpillar larvae. Sticky traps help monitor pest activity and reduce flying

Bugs

extensive damage to greenhouse and field crops by feeding on plant tissues and fruits, leading to deformation, discoloration, and yield loss. Effective bug [...] puncturing leaves and growing points with their piercing-sucking mouthparts and extracting nutrients from them, resulting in deformations and puncture holes [...] Biological control of bugs combines targeted monitoring and natural enemies that reduce pest pressure and prevent outbreaks: Beneficial nematodes Parasitic wasps

Flies

in greenhouse and field crops, where they disturb plant growth, spread diseases and affect crop hygiene. Their larvae can damage roots and growing media [...] maintain healthy and high-quality crops. Biological control of flies combines targeted monitoring and natural enemies that reduce both larval and adult populations: [...] traps, lures, and attractants Insect traps Sticky traps Beneficial nematodes and predatory mites target fly larvae in the soil, while traps and attractants

Caterpillars

leaves, stems and fruits, causing serious damage to greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding reduces photosynthesis, weakens plants and directly affects [...] on leaves and young shoots, and their enormous feeding capacity can rapidly decimate a plant. Very small caterpillars are not able to chew and therefore [...] affects yield and quality. Effective caterpillar control is therefore essential for maintaining healthy and productive crops. Biological control of caterpillars

Beetles

damage Both larvae and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems [...] serious damage in many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced growth and yield loss. Effective beetle control [...] traps Beneficial nematodes actively seek out and eliminate beetle larvae in the soil, while traps help monitor and reduce adult beetle populations. With Koppert’s

Aphids

remain unchanged and unsorted. The young aphids are born as developed nymphs and begin to feed instantly on plant sap. They grow rapidly and moult four times [...] the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds (such as Cladosporium spp. and Capnodium spp.) grow on this honeydew, contaminating fruit and ornamental [...] are among the most harmful pests in greenhouse and field crops, causing plant stress, virus transmission and yield loss. Effective aphid control is essential

Psyllids

Leaf miners

reducing photosynthesis and weakening plant growth. Their feeding patterns cause visible leaf damage, lower crop quality and can open the way for secondary [...] protect plant vitality and maintain marketable yields. Biological control of leaf miners combines effective natural enemies and monitoring tools to target [...] the genus Liriomyza and are very common in temperate regions. Leaf miner damage Leaf miners cause damage to plants both directly and indirectly. The most