Whitefly

plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt and drop. Such leaf damage can in turn influence the development of fruit [...] reduction in yield. By sucking plant sap and secreting honeydew, whitefly reduces the aesthetic value of crops. This is particularly important in ornamentals [...] and the growth of sooty moulds ( Cladosporium spp.) is encouraged. Such fruit is unsaleable. In serious cases the fruit will rot. Sooty moulds also develop

Black sigatoka disease

ultimately dies. In cases of severe infection leaves may die within a few weeks. Because of the lack of leaf tissues, fruit maturity is hampered. Life cycle [...] General Mycosphaerella fijiensis also known as black sigatoka, is an ascomycete fungus that causes leaf-spot of banana. Damage symptoms Black sigatoka [...] parallel to the veins. Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and turn brown with light grey centres. These spots enlarge further and

Brown root rot, corky root rot

lycopersici survives in the soil and in buried tomato roots as microsclerotia. The microsclerotia germinate and produce mycelium that in turn infect the roots [...] cultivation practices. However, this fungus is a poor competitor against a balanced microbial population in soil. How to prevent Brown root rot, corky root rot [...] horizontal bands on the roots with lengthwise cracks. No discoloration is present in the xylem tissues which distinguishes it from wilts caused by Verticillium

Adpro Shootin

Adpro Shootin is used along with spray solution which enhances spreading, penetrability, dispersibility and absorption on the crop. How does Adpro Shootin [...] Storage and handling Store Adpro Shootin in its closed package at ambient room temperature. Shelf-life Adpro Shootin is stable for a period of 24 months from

Loose smut of wheat

smut of wheat General Ustilago nuda f.sp. tritici is a basidiomyceteous fungus that affects wheat. It is also known as loose wheat smut, or loose smut of [...] during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates [...] tritici remains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains

Apple collar rot

higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores [...] infection is either by germinating sporangia or by zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required [...] when the water content of the soil or substrate is higher than normal or optimal for crop growth. How to prevent Apple collar rot Apply hygiene measures

Wheat bunt

kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days [...] General Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis only differ in one gene and easily hybridize. There is debate whether they should indeed be considered separate [...] tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form basidiospores, also

Early blight

General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general the risk of Alternaria infection is larger under quite warm and [...] Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. How to prevent Early

Black rot of carrots

General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] are wet. Small differences in optimum temperatures occur between species, but in general, the risk of Alternaria infection is larger under quite warm and [...] Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. How to prevent Black

Red palm weevil

the cocoon is formed the larva enters a pre-pupal stage, its body contracts and it does not crawl any more. The future adult organs are well visible on [...] distribution through the Mediterranean since the 1980s. Damage symptoms It is very difficult to recognize the first signs of red palm weevil ( Rhynchophorus [...] soft tissues mainly at the base of living fronds. Larvae are present and feed in the softest and most humid living tissues (growth areas) with a low to moderate