Phytophthora blight

wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water [...] Zoospores are spores with flagellae which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also [...] usually circling the stem. On potato tubers, blueish lesions appear, that can be seen through the skin. The Great Famine was a period of mass starvation caused

Horiver Rollertrap

with staples or clips. It may be necessary to secure the Rollertrap mid run to provide additional support. It is recommended to replace the Rollertrap after [...] cm above the crop, except for the 30 cm width which needs to be placed 40 cm above the crop To assist with placement, insert a rod or other expedient through [...] with dry conditions Rollertrap should be hung above the crop when the crop is still low Attach the Rollertrap to crop wires, greenhouse poles, or other

Bacterial canker of tomato

strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional infection is found, strict measures are taken to eradicate the infection [...] potatoes or other Solaneceaous crops can be planted for five years. On other fields on the same farm, no seed potatoes can be grown for one year after infection [...] Replanting can only take place after thorough disinfection has been proven to the authorities. Potato growers lose their entire crop of the affected field

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Root rot of carrot

the disease forms circular to irregular spots on the leaves that vary in colour from grey to almost black. The spots appear to be sharply defined, but under [...] -3°C to 25°C, with an optimum around 18°C. Lesions are dark brown to black, moist, mostly circular spots 0.5 -1.2 cm diameter that extend only to 2 mm [...] always causes some damage to carrot roots, which can be infected by Rhexocercosporidium carotae . Pre-storage treatments to harden the periderm and heal

Oleander aphid

milkweeds ( Asclepias sp.). The oleander aphid is cosmopolitan, and can be found in tropical to warm temperate regions throughout the world. It probably originated [...] yellow aphids can easily be seen on the shoots of the host plants. The damage caused by the aphid colonies is mainly aesthetic due to the large amounts of [...] grows on the honeydew. Growing tips can be deformed. Repeated heavy infestation throughout the year can lead to stunted plant growth. Life cycle and appearance

Cercospora leaf spot

greyish brown, circular with small to large grey centres and dark brown margins. The spots may enlarge to 1 cm to more and later coalesce. The spots dry [...] has the ability to overwinter in plant debris and remains in the field for long time. Management Spray Veni GoKlean at the rate 1.25 to 1.5 ml per litre [...] Disease Cycle Cercospora leaf spots can be caused by many species of Cercospora species depending on the plant type infected. Infected seeds, infected

Blight of pepper

wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water [...] are spores with flagellae, which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also [...] Blight of pepper Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They thrive at

Wheat bunt

tritici and Tilletia laevis are hard to distinguish from infected plants before head emergence, although affected plants may be slightly stunted. Infected (bunted) [...] teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionaly, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days after sowing, with maximum disease incidence at an average temperature of around 6 to 7 °C during

Western flower thrips

yellowish orange to almost black. Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) usually pupate in the ground, although pupae can also be found on leaves [...] sheltered places. The prepupal and pupal instars can be recognized by their developing wing buds. Compared to the prepupa, the pupa has longer, more developed [...] Thrips cause damage to plants by piercing the cells of the surface tissues and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting