Apple scab

through the cuticula. The asexual conidia are released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus [...] cycle and appearance of Apple scab Venturia inaequalis overwinters in the form of unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. [...] pseudothecia in leaves that have already fallen off the trees. In response to the infection, the plants produce cork as a defence against further growth of the

Early blight

occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers [...] rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving [...] humidity (RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general the risk of Alternaria

Damping-off

during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system [...] survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from [...] at the start by using higher substrate blocks for the seedlings. In field crops: Avoid the use of fields with inadequate drainage or improve the drainage

Verticillium wilt

produces gum in the vessels. The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt [...] recover at night. The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting the stalk horizontally reveals a slight discolouration of the vessels, brown [...] wind-dispersed to new hosts. In the senescent tissue, the resting mycelium or the microsclerotia are formed. The spread of the fungus by mycelium growth is

Pomegranate wilt complex

GoKlean at the rate 2 to 3 ml per litre of water and drench 20 to 25 litre of solution per tree to the root zone by making the ring around the tree for three [...] colouration of wood below bark and vascular discoloured bands in the stem and roots. Disease cycle The fungus survives for more than 7 years in infected plant [...] plants show yellowing in some branches or twigs followed by drooping and drying of leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark greyish brown

Fusarium wilt

inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant. [...] one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are [...] takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. How to prevent

Dwarf bunt

teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive in soil without [...] sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and [...] sporidium. Two mating types are distinguished. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures

Fusarium head blight or scab

density. The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected [...] takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. Gibberella zeae [...] ascospores. In general, most Fusarium specieshave a similar life cycle. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues of infected plants

Gummy stem blight

ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards. How to prevent Gummy stem blight [...] cucumber, the most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits [...] a cucumis in cucumber causes brown lesions on the foot and higher up on the stem. On the lesions, golden-brown gummy drops occur, hence the name gummy

Black sigatoka disease

further and the tissue around the lesions turns yellow and dies. Lesions merge and the whole leaf turns brown and ultimately dies. In cases of severe infection [...] conidia. The ascospores are wind-dispersed over longer distances, the conidia are splash-dispersed within the crop. Both types of spores cause the exact same [...] them, so the spores cannot be discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity