• Dwarf bunt

  temperature for germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten weeks for germination. The seedlings are infected after emergence; the two- to three-leaf [...] teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionally, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] after prolonged snow cover which ensures a period of low soil temperatures. How to prevent Dwarf bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may form

• Bacterial spot

  and handling and aerosols. Many isolates are resistant to copper-containing pesticides. How to prevent Bacterial spot Use clean propagation material and [...] surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start with and slightly raised from the leaf surface. They occur on the abaxial [...] shed the leaves that are severely infected. Humid conditions are conducive for lesion expansion. On the stems, long, narrow cankers appear, which become

• Don Sanchez Fresh innovates with biological control in avocados

  in order to ensure sustainable production that allows them to continue accessing export markets where entry barriers are becoming increasingly strict. Oscar [...] control of pests and diseases in crops such as raspberries, led them to make the decision to implement this tool in the production of Hass avocado. The result [...] a reduction in the yield of avocado trees and economic losses due to fruit damage. For this reason, integrated pest and disease management is essential

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  fungus is dispersed by water, air and soil particles. How to prevent Black root rot of cucurbits Test for the presence of Phomopsis sclerotioides with molecular [...] disinfection needs to be applied thoroughly and evenly. Phomopsis sclerotioides forms sclerotia which can survive adverse conditions for years in the soil [...] The lesions may grow and encircle the root. The roots become yellow-brown to black and ultimately die. Black lesions with fruiting bodies occur more commonly

• Wheat bunt

  moisture between field capacity and permanent wilting point is best for infection. How to prevent Wheat bunt Use resistant cultivars. However, the fungi may [...] teliospores. These balls break during harvest allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionaly, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels [...] correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days after sowing, with maximum disease incidence at an average temperature of around 6 to 7 °C during

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  fungus is a poor competitor against a balanced microbial population in soil. How to prevent Brown root rot, corky root rot Field crops: Fumigate the soil Practise [...] but the fungus prefers low temperatures. Therefore, optimal temperatures for disease development lie between 15 and 20 °C. Development reduces at temperatures [...] in the spring until soil temperatures are higher Mound soil around the stem to promote adventitious root growth Greenhouse crops: Steam or fumigate the soil

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue and causes a genetic change in the plant. How to prevent Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall Use clean propagation material [...] Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to prevent biofilm growth inside the irrigation [...] Additionally, pathogenic Agrobacterium s pecies have recently been assigned to the genus Rhizobium . These pathogenic bacteria were formerly known as Ag

• Aphidius colemani

  causing aphids to drop from the leaf and fall to the ground. Although many aphids die as a result, many will survive and migrate to other plants to begin new [...] is a parasitic wasp used for biological pest control . This species belongs to the Braconidae family and is primarily known for its effectiveness in controlling [...] recognized distributor of Koppert products for advice on the best strategy for your situation. Best conditions for use of Aphidius colemani The parasitic wasp

• Charcoal rot

  conditions for this fungus are temperatures above 32 °C and dry conditions. In field crops in temperate regions it is therefore not a problem. How to prevent [...] discolouration of vascular and cortex tissue (outer tissue layer) to orange-brown to dark brown. Cutting the roots may show the same discolouration of [...] corn stalks, survival of up to 1.5 years has been reported. The density of the microsclerotia in the soil is directly related to disease incidence. Within

• Angular leaf spot

  well growing plants are more susceptible than diseased or stressed plants. How to prevent Angular leaf spot Use clean propagation material and disease-free [...] causes small, water-soaked lesions on the underside of the leaf. They enlarge to angular spots, often limited by the small veins. The distinctive feature is [...] bacterial exudate forms on the underside of the leaf. This exudate changes to a white film when it dries. Lesions may merge as they grow and later also