Fusarium wilt

inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant. [...] Fusarium oxysporum is the species causing vascular wilt. First the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts [...] produce ascospores. The Fusarium oxysporum life cycle, is similar to that of most Fusarium species. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop

Apple collar rot

irregular lesions occur. In strawberry, the heart leaves wilt first, then the whole plant. Life cycle and appearance of Apple collar rot Phytophthora species [...] from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores [...] water, since the zoospores can readily move through water. This explains why the disease spreads more rapidly when the water content of the soil or substrate

Wheat bunt

sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and [...] hence the common name stinking bunt. Life cycle and appearance of Wheat bunt Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or [...] heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt

Dwarf bunt

laevis Life cycle and appearance of Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main [...] sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and [...] heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt

Diamond back moth

young seed pods, causing loss of pods and seeds. Life cycle and appearance of Diamond back moth The oval and flattened eggs of the diamond back moth (Plutella [...] one-third of the forewing is ochreous-white, with a nearly white upper edge. In females, the upper two-thirds of the forewings are light ochreous and the markings [...] and active. Except for the first instar, which mines in the leaf tissue, the larvae are voracious surface feeders. The pupae of the diamond back moth (Plutella

Leaf stripe

appearance of Leaf stripe Pyrenophora graminea is monocyclic, which means there is only one disease cycle during the cropping season. The fungus is seed-borne [...] systemic infection is the only source of primary infection. The fungus spreads from the seed into the seedling. Conidia are produced on the infected leaves [...] from the sheath. Ear length and the number of kernels may be reduced and kernels may be brown. The symptoms do not always occur together. Life cycle and

Verticillium wilt

with the transpiration stream. As a defence mechanism, the plant produces gum in the vessels. The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem [...] recover at night. The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting the stalk horizontally reveals a slight discolouration of the vessels, brown [...] residues. The fungus infects the roots of plants, directly or through wounds caused by for example nematodes. The fungus then grows into the vessels of the plant

Tomato leaf miner

bacteria enter the plant tissue via the feeding spots. Life cycle and appearance of Tomato leaf miner The life cycle of a leaf miner has the following stages: [...] roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate [...] percentage of the larvae remain hanging on the leaf and pupate there, sometimes on the upper surface but more commonly on the underside. The late third

Beet armyworm

es for the growth of the crop. With a substantial population of caterpillars, the damage can spread to the stems, and in the worst cases to the fruit. [...] even black. The colour and pattern of the caterpillars is highly variable and depends partly on the host plant, the stage of development and the climate. [...] plants. In both the greenhouse and the field, it is a major pest of sweet pepper. Damage symptoms Older caterpillars migrate to the top of the plant where

Codling moth

The entry point is then greatly enlarged as the tissue beneath is eaten away. Infested fruits usually ripen prematurely and drop off. Life cycle and [...] It is very common in Europe. Damage symptoms After invading the fruit, the larvae first form a small cavity just under the skin. The entry hole can be seen [...] seen and is usually plugged by dry frass. The larva then burrows towards the core and eats a large proportion of the flesh, leaving behind brown frass.