• Woolly apple aphid

  harvest time. Life cycle and appearance of Woolly apple aphid In contrast to other aphids , the life cycle and survival from year to year of the woolly aphid [...] serious worldwide apple pest. It is probably of North American origin and has been distributed to other parts of the world mainly via infested apple rootstocks [...] entry of pathogenic fungi such as Gloeosporium rots or apple canker. Woolly aphid does little direct harm to mature trees but the sticky masses of “wool”

• Leaf stripe

  and the number of kernels may be reduced and kernels may be brown. The symptoms do not always occur together. Life cycle and appearance of Leaf stripe P [...] the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death of the leaf [...] environments without irrigation, to decrease the chances of infection Use clean seed Avoid the use of untreated farm-saved seeds or at least test the seed

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  natural openings at the stem end. Later the fruit becomes soft and lesion contents become liquid. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial soft rot, bacterial [...] when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the [...] carotovora has recently been renamed Pectobacterium carotovora . It is one of the pectolytic bacteria causing extensive bacterial rots (bacterial soft rot

• Diamond back moth

  young seed pods, causing loss of pods and seeds. Life cycle and appearance of Diamond back moth The oval and flattened eggs of the diamond back moth (Plutella [...] cases of severe infestation, entire leaves may be destroyed, leaving only the veins. The larvae feed also on the chlorophyll-rich green areas of stems [...] They are deposited singly or in small groups of two or ten eggs on both the upper and lower surface of leaves, preferentially in depressions, and rarely

• Anagyrus vladimiri

  effective control of the mealybugs . Behaviour of the parasitic wasp Anagyrus vladimiri The female Anagyrus vladimiri lays its eggs inside the body of the mealybug [...] larva of the parasitic wasp completely consumes the contents of the mealybug, going through five instars before pupating within the mummified skin of its [...] irregular exit hole gnawed at the posterior end of the mummy. Anagyrus vladimiri has a strong photokinetic response, i.e. the female is strongly attracted to

• Gummy stem blight

  tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards [...] small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits. The symptoms on stems, leaves and inside the fruits may occur together or individually. Life cycle and appearance [...] wounds. Leaves can be infected directly, through wounds, hydathodes (the end of leaf veins) or the hair bases. Stems are infected through wounds and by

• Two-spotted spider mite

  leaves affects the appearance of the crop. This is of particular concern in ornamental crops. Life cycle and appearance of Spider mite Two-spotted spider [...] ( Tetranychus urticae ) is a pest of many crops throughout the world. Despite their small size, they are capable of very rapidly doing severe damage, due [...] plants the damage can also be seen on the upper surface of leaves as small yellow dots. The destruction of cells results in reduced photosynthesis, increased

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• Wheat

  about the end of May to the beginning of June. This flowering period is rather long (usually lasting longer than a week), because not all flowers of one single [...] particular type of fruit referred to as caryopsis. Wheat originates from southwestern Asia, or more specifically the Levant region that lies east of the Mediterranean

• Onion

  vegetable. This particular species is the most extensively produced species of the genus of Allium . The onion plant is usually a biennial or perennial plant. When [...] however, the plant is mostly handled as an annual and harvested at the end of its first production season. Onions are popular and therefore cultivated