• Bacterial canker of tomato

  January 1, 1970

  on stems, leaves and fruits. Leaves and shoots wilt. On the lower leaves, blister-like white lesions occur, which later turn brown and may merge. The leaves [...] the name ring rot. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial canker of tomato Clavibacter is seed-borne and tuber-borne and primary infection is mostly from [...] plants in greenhouse crops and by water in field crops, for example through splashes of rain or irrigation. Both in greenhouses and in the field, spraying

• Cottony soft rot

  January 1, 1970

  in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an optimum between 13 and 15 °C. G [...] wilting and death of plants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony soft rot Cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium [...] easily be seen with the naked eye and look like rat droppings. The symptoms may occur on stems but also on leaves, fruits and pods. Root infection often leads

• Bacterial spot

  January 1, 1970

  temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata and wounds. The dispersal [...] are also round and small to start with and slightly raised from the leaf surface. They occur on the abaxial (underside of) leaf surfaces and may enlarge into [...] which become rough and light brown. On fruits the spots are first small, circular and green but they turn brown, become raised and look like cracked scab

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  January 1, 1970

  break open, releasing many bacteria. These are dispersed by rain and wind and by humans and tools. Until now, no bacteria have been isolated from crazy roots [...] known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium vitis, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Agrobacterium rubi, n ow the first part [...] is changed to Rhizobium. Rhizobium rhizogenes or Rhizobium radiobacter causes crazy roots, hairy roots and crown gall. Damage symptoms The four pathogenic

• Pink Bollworm

  January 1, 1970

  in singly or in small groups. Young larva enters the buds or flowers or squares after emergence where they feed internally within the pod and making an [...] to grow in it. Life cycle and appearance Pink bollworm lays eggs all over the cotton plant, preferably on or near the buds and flowers. Each female lay [...] soil, about 50mm below the ground and adults emerge after about 9 days. Adults are nocturnal and females lays eggs a day or two after emergence. The life cycle

• Apple scab

  January 1, 1970

  petioles and fruits and sometimes on twigs and bud scales. The lesions are olive-green. When spores are produced, the lesions become grey and fluffy. The [...] unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter and form ascospores. Depending on the temperature, these ascospores mature and are subsequently released [...] restricted, whereas the lesions caused by conidia extend faster and may merge. Infected fruits and leaves may fall off prematurely. The plants’ defence mechanism

• Pomegranate wilt complex

  January 1, 1970

  Affected plants show yellowing in some branches or twigs followed by drooping and drying of leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark [...] below bark and vascular discoloured bands in the stem and roots. Disease cycle The fungus survives for more than 7 years in infected plant debris and soil. [...] insects, farm machinery and intercultural operations. Management Mix Veni GoKlean at the rate 2 to 3 ml per litre of water and drench 20 to 25 litre of

• Tomato leafminer

  January 1, 1970

  in the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines they build silk cocoons on the leaflets or in the soil [...] occurs inside mines or fruits, the prepupae do not build cocoons. Pupae have a greenish coloration at first, and then turn chestnut and dark brown shortly [...] light or dark segments and recurved labial palps, that are well developed. Black spots are present on the anterior wings. Adults are nocturnal and usually

• Deltatrap

  January 1, 1970

  monitoring and trapping male moths and mealybugs in protected and outdoor crops in combination with a species-specific pheromone. Pests Moths and mealybugs [...] Replace the sticky insert when largely covered by insects and/or debris Dosage Use two or four traps per hectare for every species of moth to be monitored [...] into the trap. Once in the trap they get stuck in the glue and are easy to detect, count and identify. Trapping males also aids in reducing the number of

• Diamond back moth

  January 1, 1970

  initially yellow or pale green and later darken. They are deposited singly or in small groups of two or ten eggs on both the upper and lower surface of [...] flower buds, flowers and young seed pods, causing loss of pods and seeds. Life cycle and appearance of Diamond back moth The oval and flattened eggs of the [...] preferentially in depressions, and rarely on stems or petioles. There are four larval instars. The body tapers at both ends and is green, sometimes suffused