Greenhouse whitefly

sugar, and the excess is excreted as honeydew, with larger larvae expelling large quantities. The damage that whiteflies cause to a crop is the result of [...] influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth [...] into a white, oval case encircled by a ring of erect waxy rods. This is called the pupa stadium and these pupae are found on the oldest leaves. The adult

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

rot is first noticed when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial [...] bacterial growth in the pith, the stem seems wet and slimy. Above or below the hollow stem the vascular tissue keeps its normal colour. On the fruits, lesions [...] senescent leaves and from there grow through the petiole to the main stem through the xylem vessels. High humidity is required for disease development. Erwinia

Aphids

hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded, giving rise to deformed leaves, or even, if the infestation occurs early enough in the season, the death [...] form a single, very large group of insects: the super- family Aphidoidea, belonging to the order Hemiptera . The aphids discussed here all belong to the [...] the progeny of a single female is genetically identical to the mother. In other words, they are clones. Because there is no genetic recombination, different

Diamond back moth

may occur in the florets. Initially, the pupa is pinkish-white to pinkish-yellow and changes to brown before adult emergence. The adult of the diamond back [...] are like those of the males. The back is marked with a broad cream or light brown band along the back, which is sometimes constricted to form one or more [...] distances to invade crops in other regions. Damage symptoms The caterpillar is a surface feeder. They feed from the lower leaf surface, leaving the wax layer

Whitefly

belong to the order Hemiptera (true bugs ). Together with aphids and scale insects, they belong to the division Sternorrhyncha. The whiteflies form the family [...] damage The larvae need a lot of nutrients for growth, and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap. This contains a high proportion of sugar, and the excess [...] crops. This is particularly important in ornamentals . The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth of sooty

Tobacco whitefly

cause to a crop is the result of sucking out the sap from the plant leaves and secreting honeydew. This can have the following consequences: If the population [...] influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth [...] after emerging. The insect is covered with a white waxy substance. The adult of the tobacco whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) closely resembles the greenhouse whitefly

Cottony cushion scale

period of 2 to 3 months. After leaving the egg sac, the crawlers settle along the midribs and veins of the leaves. The next two instars migrate to the larger [...] produced by the scales coat the leaves, blocking the stomata and impeding gas exchange. Sooty moulds grow on the honeydew, blocking the light from the leaves [...] from the body. On reaching maturity, the ‘female’ produces a white, fluted, wax ovisac with a series of uniform ridges running lengthwise over the surface

Asian citrus psyllid

of the southern states and Mexico however the state of Florida is the most affected area by the vectored disease. Damage symptoms The psyllid is a sucking [...] General The Asian citrus psyllid, ( Diaphorina citri ), is an important pest of citrus in several countries as it is a vector of a serious citrus disease [...] back new shoots or causing leaves to twist or notch as they mature. Worst damage is done when the insect is vector of the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter

Tomato leaf miner

morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate. A small percentage of the larvae remain hanging on the leaf and pupate there, sometimes on the upper [...] miners cause damage to plants both directly and indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue, leading to desiccation, premature [...] older larvae have a yellow head. When the larva hatches from the egg, it begins to eat into the leaf at once, tunnelling down into the mesophyll tissue

Cotton aphid

and kalanchoe. The cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii ) is distributed throughout the world but prefers the warmer regions. It has been a pest in European [...] including the cucumber mosaic virus. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s [...] plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation occurs early enough in the season, the death of young plants. Retarded growth