Strawberry

or Fragaria x ananassa , is nowadays extensively cultivated for its tasty fruit. The particular species of strawberry is a well-known hybrid species of [...] y referred to as the strawberries). Technically speaking, the strawberry is a so-called aggregate accessory fruit. This means that the fleshy, edible part [...] visible on the strawberry’s skin, are in reality the ovaries of the flower with a seed inside.

Cottony cushion scale

scale is a particular pest of citrus, Acacia spp ., Casuarina spp . and Pittosporum spp ., but it can damage many types of fruit and forest trees, and ornamental [...] tropical and subtropical countries of the world. It is also periodically discovered in greenhouses in temperate regions, but is not generally a pest in [...] ornamental shrubs and trees. Damage is mostly caused by sap depletion; the shoots dry up and die, and defoliation occurs. In addition, the copious quantities

Cutworms

negatively phototaxic and feed mostly at night and hide in the ground during the day. Damage from these instars is usually observed as a cutting of young seedlings [...] seedlings. Sometimes wilting is observed because of partial cutting. A larva often cuts one plant and quickly moves on to other plants and continues cutting. Therefore [...] Life cycle and appearance of Cutworms The adults of Agrotis spp. have pale grey to grey-brown forewings with a faint kidney-shaped marking and a red spot

Broad mite

the adult, but is slightly smaller and has only three pairs of legs. The emerging adult mite is roughly 0.2 mm long, oval and broad, and pale yellow or [...] growth. Leaf feeding is mainly concentrated on the underside near the leaf stalk, which tends to cause the leaf to turn brown and curl up. A typical indication [...] brown stripes forming a fine network on the leaves. In case of a more serious infestation, this network becomes so dense that there is no more green tissue

Bacterial spot

development is favoured by temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata [...] stomata and wounds. The dispersal is in windblown water drops, mechanical means such as clipping and handling and aerosols. Many isolates are resistant to [...] General Xanthomonas vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato

Blight of pepper

Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They thrive at soil temperatures between 15 and 23 °C and higher water content than is optimal for [...] germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type [...] ting and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the soil and water splash promote disease. Ensure fast drying and wound

Early blight

three days later and sporulation within five days. Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species [...] stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the [...] ). Prevent damage during harvest (in potato and carrot). Post-harvest storage at 0-1 o C. A. brassicae and A. brassicicola : adjust the sowing date to avoid

Loose smut of barley

affects barley and can destroy a large proportion of the crop. It is also known as barley smut, or loose smut of barley. Life cycle and appearance of Loose [...] within a day and infect the inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During maturation of the seed, the mycelium becomes thick-walled and swollen as a dormant [...] emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Solution

Leaf miners

Leaf miners belong to the order Diptera (the true flies ) and form the family Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies whose larvae tunnel into the leaves [...] directly and indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue which can lead to desiccation, premature leaf-fall and cosmetic [...] before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host plant and the species of leaf

Rose aphid

The rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae , is a serious and often abundant pest of roses. It is virtually cosmopolitan and widely spread in Europe. Damage symptoms [...] develop. Life cycle and appearance of Rose aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour [...] 1.7-3.6 mm long and green or deep pink to red-brown. The antennae and sometimes the head is dark in colour. The siphunculi are black and bent outwards.