Click beetles

the roots of many plants. Damage symptoms The click beetles feed on the roots and bore into the base of plants. This can cause the plants to wilt and die [...] The eggs are laid in May or June in groups in the soil. They hatch about one month later and the larvae start to feed on roots. The larvae (‘wireworms’) [...] fully grown the larvae pupate in the soil in summer. The adults appear about 4 weeks after pupation, but usually remain in the soil until the following

Two-spotted spider mite

important species in greenhouses and many outdoor crops. Damage symptoms Larvae, nymphs and adults cause damage to the host plant by feeding on plant sap. They [...] yellow, and in many plants the damage can also be seen on the upper surface of leaves as small yellow dots. The destruction of cells results in reduced p [...] reduced plant growth. As damage increases, whole leaves turn yellow, and as more cell sap is removed, the leaf, and eventually the whole plant, may die

Cucumber

cultivated plant that belongs to the gourd family of Cucurbitaceae . The cucumber originates from South Asia, more particularly in India. The plant’s cultivation [...] on most continents. The cucumber plant is a creeping vine that grows up trellises or other supporting frames. The plant supports itself with thin, spiraling [...] long and 10 cm or 3.9 inches in diameter. Cucumbers develop from flowers and their seed develop within the fruit, therefore in botanical terms they are classified

Potato

used to refer to the plant itself or its edible tuber. The plant is an herbaceous perennial and came to Europe from Latin America in the second half of the [...] many people’s diet. In terms of volume, potato is the fourth-largest food crop in the world, after maize, wheat and rice. Potato plants grow up to some 60 [...] potatoes. The plant’s flowers vary from white, pink, red or blue, to purple and have yellow stamens. After the flowering phase, the plants grow small, green

Black rot of carrots

avoid conditions conducive to infection. In greenhouses: avoid high RH. Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and crop resilience. [...] General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperatures occur between species, but in general, the risk of Alternaria infection is larger

Grape downy mildew

overwinters as oospores in fallen, infected leaves. In mild climates, it can also survive as mycelium in grape buds and canes. In spring, oospores germinate [...] Plasmopara viticola is a plant pathogen causing downy mildew in grapes. P. viticola occurs in nearly all grape-growing regions worldwide. Damage symptoms [...] y with weather. Rigorous management is essential in wet climates and during unusually wet seasons in typically dry areas. Most grape cultivars are highly

Leaf miners

damage. In (sub)tropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting [...] larvae tunnel into the leaves of plants, creating ‘mines’. There are many species of leaf miner affecting various crops in temperate parts of the world. Under [...] species in this family, only eleven are truly polyphagous. The species that cause most damage all belong to the genus Liriomyza and are very common in temperate

Citrus mealybug

many and diverse host plants. In temperate regions of the world this mealybug poses a problem in greenhouse horticulture, and in the tropics and sub-tropics [...] especially in fruit trees and ornamental crops, particularly in pot plants such as ficus, palms, schefflera, croton and kalanchoë, but also in roses and [...] therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs

Spider mites and other mites

species in greenhouses and many outdoor crops. Spider mite damage Larvae, nymphs and adults cause damage to the host plant by feeding on plant sap. They [...] yellow, and in many plants the damage can also be seen on the upper surface of leaves as small yellow dots. The destruction of cells results in reduced p [...] reduced plant growth. As damage increases whole leaves turn yellow, and as more cell sap is removed, the leaf, and eventually the whole plant may die.

Cutworms

cotton or maize. As plants become larger, older instars will occasionally tunnel into the growing stalk, disrupting the sap flow in the plant. Life cycle and [...] these moths usually feed on roots and plant parts close to the ground, thereby often cutting the stems of young plants. This is where their common name comes [...] observed because of partial cutting. A larva often cuts one plant and quickly moves on to other plants and continues cutting. Therefore, relatively small populations