Lettuce

family, Asteraceae. It is a hardy annual that is easy to cultivate and most often grown for its leaves. It is, however, often plagued on by a number of insect

Black leg of seedlings

Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings. Infected plants lag in growth. Seedlings fall over (‘ damping-off ’). In slightly older plants [...] Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused [...] around by humans or machinery. Pythium can survive very well in the soil or substrate in the absence of plants. Many species are entirely saprophytic,

Dwarf bunt

teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection. The soil-borne teliospores may survive in soil without [...] healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. The optimum temperature for germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten weeks [...] General Tilletia controversa is a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well

Bacterial canker of tomato

years. On other fields on the same farm, no seed potatoes can be grown for one year after infection. Damage symptoms Clavibacter causes spots on stems, [...] infected propagation material. It spreads to other seedlings by touching the plants in greenhouse crops and by water in field crops, for example through [...] eradicate the infection. In tomato, growers must either destroy the infected crop entirely or, if the crop is old, only the plants in the infected area, with

Grape downy mildew

overwinters as oospores in fallen, infected leaves. In mild climates, it can also survive as mycelium in grape buds and canes. In spring, oospores germinate [...] Plasmopara viticola is a plant pathogen causing downy mildew in grapes. P. viticola occurs in nearly all grape-growing regions worldwide. Lifecycle of Grape [...] Symptoms appear 4-21 days after infection, depending on temperature, with the shortest period on young leaves at 19-24°C. Damage symptoms of Grape downy

Spotted Wing Drosophila

Since the start of its invasion in 2008/2009, the spotted wing drosophila, which is originally from Asia, has spread extensively in North and South America [...] larval development takes place in the fruit. The larvae pupate either fully or partly in the fruit, or outside the fruit on the ground. Damage symptoms After [...] America and Europe where it has caused severe yield losses in many berry crops, cherries and grapes. Life cycle and appearance of Spotted wing drosophila

Koppert Foundation

Koppert established the Koppert Foundation on their 50 th anniversary in 2017. This Foundation aims to contribute to sustainable solutions for horticulture [...] availability of food and nutrition for those who need it most. Scope Koppert Foundation focuses on three domains: supporting projects for smallholder farmers [...] responsibility projects Application You can find more information in English and Dutch on www.koppertfoundation.org . Do you need help with explanation and/or

Plant Health

algae: stress adaptation and growth promotion Marine algae, rich in phytohormones, aid in stress adaptation and promote root and shoot growth, nutrient uptake [...] suppressive effects on certain pathogens. Amino acids: building blocks for plant performance Amino acids, as biostimulants, support plant growth in stressful conditions [...] pest control Over the years, biological pest control has proven effective in managing pests without the drawbacks of chemical pesticides. Beneficial arthropods

Citrus mealybug

host plants. In temperate regions of the world this mealybug poses a problem in greenhouse horticulture, and in the tropics and sub-tropics on outdoor crops [...] soon as a male emerges from its cocoon, it goes in search of a female. A fertilized female lays several hundreds of eggs in an elongated cottony egg sac [...] especially in fruit trees and ornamental crops, particularly in pot plants such as ficus, palms, schefflera, croton and kalanchoë, but also in roses and

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

galls on the stems, which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the [...] growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse vegetables, the roots overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics the drippers get clogged. In tomato, excessive vegetative [...] not yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material