Beneficial microorganisms

known as beneficial microbes, are microorganisms that provide positive effects to their environment, including various biological systems and organisms [...] These microorganisms play a crucial role in biological pest control by effectively infecting and controlling harmful pests. Beneficial microorganisms for [...] providing an eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. Well-known examples of beneficial microbes are the fungi Akanthomyces muscarius , Beauveria bassiana

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

cause the growth of galls on the stems, which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant [...] vegetative growth occurs. Life cycle and appearance of Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet [...] bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes. Additionally, pathogenic Agrobacterium s pecies have recently been

Tobacco whitefly

peppers, yellowing of the flower stalks in gerbera, and serious yellowing of the leaves of French beans. Other symptoms include the appearance of chlorotic patches [...] its high level of resistance to many insecticides and its propensity for the transmission of viruses. Life cycle and appearance of Tobacco whitefly The tobacco [...] larvae are found on the underside of young leaves and have an oval shape. The first instar larvae (crawlers) are mobile, whereas the rest of the larvae stadia

Corn earworm

small quantities of eggs, between one and three, in the hairs of green ears of corn. The larvae feed on the hairs of the young corn and on the young kernels [...] fruit from the host plant, as well as on the corn of immature cobs and ears. Adults of corn earworm are nocturnal, since they react to light radiation at [...] adults have a brown-coloured body, with a wingspan of 35 to 40 mm and a dark stripe on the side edge of the forewings and hindwings; they live for around

Cutworms

segetum . The larvae of these moths usually feed on roots and plant parts close to the ground, thereby often cutting the stems of young plants. This is [...] usually observed as a cutting of young seedlings, often causing death of the cut seedlings. Sometimes wilting is observed because of partial cutting. A larva [...] quickly moves on to other plants and continues cutting. Therefore, relatively small populations of cutworms can destroy entire stands of crops, such as

Oleander aphid

the origin of its principal host plant, oleander. Damage symptoms The colonies of bright yellow aphids can easily be seen on the shoots of the host plants [...] eggs and that the progeny are clones of the adult female. The nymphs feed in colonies on the shoots at the top of the plant. Nymphs progress through five [...] is a common pest of several important ornamental plants in the families Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. It is commonly found feeding on oleander and milkweeds

Damping-off

and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection [...] infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes [...] conditions, especially dehydration. Germination of the oospores is stimulated by exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate

Two-spotted spider mite

and spotting on the leaves affects the appearance of the crop. This is of particular concern in ornamental crops. Life cycle and appearance of Spider mite [...] adults cause damage to the host plant by feeding on plant sap. They mainly occur on the underside of leaves where they pierce the cells and suck out the [...] many plants the damage can also be seen on the upper surface of leaves as small yellow dots. The destruction of cells results in reduced photosynthesis

Spider mites and other mites

webbing and spotting on the leaves affect the appearance of the crop. This is of particular concern in ornamental crops. Life cycle of spider mites Spider [...] Biological control of spider mites and other mites uses a range of natural enemies that target different developmental stages of the pest: Predatory mites [...] adults cause damage to the host plant by feeding on plant sap. They mainly occur on the underside of leaves where they pierce the cells and suck out the

Asian citrus psyllid

Adults feed on young stems and on leaves of all developmental stages. Nymphs feed on young leaves and stems, continuously secreting copious amounts of honeydew [...] psyllid, ( Diaphorina citri ), is an important pest of citrus in several countries as it is a vector of a serious citrus disease called greening disease or [...] responsible for the destruction of several citrus industries in Asia and Africa. In North America, it has spread through most of the southern states and Mexico