• Dwarf bunt

  remain green longer than healthy heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger [...] TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well as dwarf bunt. Damage symptoms Tilletia controversa causes (bunted) heads that are slender and [...] of Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection

• Pollination checklist tomato

  pollinated before it closes. Depending on the conditions, a flower will remain open for one to three days. To check on pollination, collect about 20 closed [...] vibrate. This is known as buzz pollination. The imprints of the bumblebee's jaw on the flower (bite marks) turn brown within one to four hours and make it possible [...] problems with fruit setting. The bumblebees will still collect pollen, and leave bite marks, but no fruit will grow. Bumblebees are active at temperatures

• Crane flies

  and feed on roots and shoots (which they pull into the ground of mainly grasses and cereal crops. The adults do not cause any damage. Damage symptoms Larval [...] burrows of the larvae might also be visible. Secondary damage may come from birds and rodents feeding on larvae and digging up turf. Life cycle and appearance [...] clearly visible veins. Eggs are black in colour, oval, 1mm long and deposited on the soil surface. Larvae are cylindrical, tapering toward the head, and grey-brown

• Click beetles

  Their larvae are called wireworms and feed on the roots of many plants. Damage symptoms The click beetles feed on the roots and bore into the base of plants [...] , with the head deeply retracted into the thorax. When disturbed they lie on their back feigning death and then suddenly propel themselves into the air [...] plants. This can cause the plants to wilt and die. Damage is more severe in young plants. Life cycle and appearance of Click beetles Adult Agriotis sp. are

• Loose smut of barley

  of the crop. It is also known as barley smut, or loose smut of barley. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f. sp. hordei r emains invisible until [...] only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. They germinate

• Loose smut of wheat

  affects wheat. It is also known as loose wheat smut, or loose smut of wheat. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f.sp. tritici remains invisible until [...] only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. They germinate

• Spotted Wing Drosophila

  has caused severe yield losses in many berry crops, cherries and grapes. Damage symptoms After oviposition, the respiration tubes extend from the fruit [...] from males of other Drosophila species or SWD females by a large dark spot on each wing, where their common name is derived from. Females have a strong [...] The larvae pupate either fully or partly in the fruit, or outside the fruit on the ground.

• Red palm weevil

  and Europe with distribution through the Mediterranean since the 1980s. Damage symptoms It is very difficult to recognize the first signs of red palm weevil [...] ) presence and only later stages of attack are conspicuous. However, the damage done before these later stages when detection becomes easier, can suffice [...] ranges from entirely orange-red to all black with all intermediates, depending on the number and size of black marks. Eggs are creamy white, shiny and oblong

• Pink Bollworm

  Asian countries and has spread to all cotton growing regions of the world. Damage symptoms Shredding of buds due to infestation of flower buds. Formation [...] and appearance Pink bollworm lays eggs all over the cotton plant, preferably on or near the buds and flowers. Each female lay egg about 200-400 in singly

• Orius laevigatus

  Thripor-L ) Shake bottle gently before use Spread material on clean rock wool slabs, leaves and/or in application boxes (Dibox) Apply in groups of at least [...] predator feeding on thrips . The prey is pierced with the mouthparts and the body contents are consumed. All stages of thrips are preyed on. Orius laevigatus [...] . In pollen producing plants, younger Orius nymphs are mainly found on the leaves, whereas older nymphs and adults are mainly found in flowers. Life cycle