Woolly apple aphid

serious worldwide apple pest. It is probably of North American origin and has been distributed to other parts of the world mainly via infested apple rootstocks [...] often produced on infested wood. These galls may seriously disfigure young trees and nursery stock. If the galls split they may allow entry of pathogenic fungi [...] but the sticky masses of “wool” may contaminate leaves and fruits and can be a nuisance at harvest time. Life cycle and appearance of Woolly apple aphid In

Rose aphid

abundant pest of roses. It is virtually cosmopolitan and widely spread in Europe. Damage symptoms Infestations with rose aphids retard the growth of buds and [...] disfigured and contaminated with sticky honeydew on which black sooty moulds develop. Life cycle and appearance of Rose aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle [...] overwinters on rose bushes in the egg stage, although in mild winter some adults may continue to reproduce parthenogenetically. Large colonies of aphids can

Crane flies

General The larvae of crane flies , called leatherjackets, live in the soil and feed on roots and shoots (which they pull into the ground of mainly grasses [...] fields. Exit holes of the burrows of the larvae might also be visible. Secondary damage may come from birds and rodents feeding on larvae and digging up [...] appearance of Crane flies Adult crane flies are large flies with females reaching 45-50 mm across. They have long, spindly legs and one pair of narrow, clear

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the [...] can survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from [...] carotovora has recently been renamed Pectobacterium carotovora . It is one of the pectolytic bacteria causing extensive bacterial rots (bacterial soft rot

Verticillium wilt

brown stripes occur on the stem. In tomato, sometimes V-shaped lesions are formed on the leaf, between the veins. 'Early dying' disease of potato only occurs [...] causes verticillium wilt and early dying of potato. Damage symptoms Verticillium species mostly cause wilting of plants. The wilting starts at the lower [...] The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting the stalk horizontally reveals a slight discolouration of the vessels, brown or greenish, but

Click beetles

called wireworms and feed on the roots of many plants. Damage symptoms The click beetles feed on the roots and bore into the base of plants. This can cause [...] , with the head deeply retracted into the thorax. When disturbed they lie on their back feigning death and then suddenly propel themselves into the air [...] and die. Damage is more severe in young plants. Life cycle and appearance of Click beetles Adult Agriotis sp. are 6-10 mm long and yellowish brown to black

Grape mealy bug

Malformation of leaves and shoot tips due to infestation of growing points. Honey dew secretion of mealy bugs support sooty mould growth on infected area [...] bugs on grape berries. Infected bunches are not suitable for making raisins. Life cycle and appearance Mealy bugs are found in crevices of stem, on leaves [...] area. Young vines often die due to severe infestation of mealy bugs. Feeding damage in grapes is minimal but the marketability is greatly affected due to

Cotton bollworm

sub-tropics of all continents except for North America. Larvae of the cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) are highly polyphagous, feeding on crops such [...] Life cycle and appearance of Cotton bollworm Eggs are deposited individually on young shoots near buds, flowers, fruits or on leaves. They are almost spherical [...] mm in length and have a wingspan of about 40 mm. The grey-green males are smaller. The forewings are edged with a line of black spots, and the hindwings

Potato aphid

therefore need to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit [...] production. Life cycle and appearance of Potato aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour [...] specifically characteristic of the potato aphid and is particularly visible in the nymphs. Immatures have a light dusting of whitish-grey wax. The aphids

Codling moth

codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) is a notorious, worldwide pest of apple and also occasionally of pear, quince, peach and other fruits. It is very common in [...] prematurely and drop off. Life cycle and appearance of Codling moth The adults have a wing span of 15-22 mm, blackish-brown forewings, suffused with ash-grey [...] or other places. Depending on the climate, there are one, two or more generations per year. The fully grown caterpillars of the last generation overwinter