• Gummy stem blight

  ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards. How to prevent Gummy stem blight [...] a cucumis in cucumber causes brown lesions on the foot and higher up on the stem. On the lesions, golden-brown gummy drops occur, hence the name gummy [...] cucumber, the most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  transmitted on the outside of the seed coat and cause primary infection. The conidia germinate and infect through the stomata or directly through the cuticle [...] and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The fungus is seed borne and thus also causes post- [...] ) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds

• Apple collar rot

  wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily [...] flagellae, which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates [...] n of the roots. On the foot, dark brown lesions with sharp borders occur. Above the graft and on leaves, dark brown, irregular lesions occur. In strawberry

• Ervipar

  mummy. The adult parasitic wasp emerges through a hole at the rear of the mummy. The first mummies are noticed in the crop around 10-14 days after the first [...] parasitic wasps emerge from the mummies and females lay their eggs into aphids . The next generation of parasitic wasps develop inside the aphid, which converts [...] Carrier Buckwheat hulls. Application Spread the material on rock wool slabs or in Diboxes Make sure the material remains dry and is not moved from its

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this, the shorter the leaf wetness period that is required. Inside the plant, the pathogens produce [...] small organs with which the pathogen can take up nutrients from the living plant cells. The pathogens continue to grow inside the leaves and after a while [...] brown. On the underside of the leave fluffy growth appears which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is actually the sporulation of the pathogens

• Treatment of bumblebee stings and allergies

  uamide). In the rare case of a sting in the mouth or pharynx, the patient should be taken to hospital immediately, because this can result in blocked airways [...] measures can be taken to minimize the local reaction, in particular if the person was stung in a sensitive location, such as near the eyes. As soon as possible [...] reaction to the next sting. If you had a level 1 or 2 reaction in particular, the chance is small. Reactions to bumblebee stings may differ in each case

• Biological Pest Control

  microorganisms , to keep pest populations in check. This approach not only reduces the environmental impact but also minimizes the risk of pesticide [...] biological control focuses on enhancing the presence of natural enemies and beneficial organisms in the environment to maintain a balance between pests and [...] biological control aims to establish a self-sustaining population of the introduced natural enemy to keep pest populations in check. Augmentative biological control

• Pomegranate wilt complex

  GoKlean at the rate 2 to 3 ml per litre of water and drench 20 to 25 litre of solution per tree to the root zone by making the ring around the tree for three [...] discoloured bands in the stem and roots. Disease cycle The fungus survives for more than 7 years in infected plant debris and soil. The pathogen spreads [...] yellowing in some branches or twigs followed by drooping and drying of leaves and branches. The entire tree dies in few months. Dark greyish brown to black

• Cercospora leaf spot

  humidity favours the spread of the disease and severity. The fungus has the ability to overwinter in plant debris and remains in the field for long time [...] with small to large grey centres and dark brown margins. The spots may enlarge to 1 cm to more and later coalesce. The spots dry up results in shot-hole [...] Veni GoKlean at the rate 1.25 to 1.5 ml per litre of water at 12-15 days intervals as preventative spray and or after recognition of the disease symptoms

• Flies

  Ephydridae (shore flies). The larvae of these insects generally live on rotting plant material and are mostly found in the soil. The spotted wing drosophila [...] on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the ground and prefer [...] indirectly. The type of damage depends on the species of the flies. Direct damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding on root hairs and tender roots as