Grape powdery mildew

patches on the affected plant parts. All the above ground plant parts are susceptible to infection. Powdery growth on both the surface of the leaves. Affected [...] conditions for the pathogen severity. Management Sanitation and proper pruning after shedding of leaves. Spray Veni GoKlean at the rate 1.25 to 1.5 ml per [...] and discoloured. The powdery pustules subsequently become grey and finally dark coloured. Shredding of flowers and poor fruit set due to floral infections

Citrus mealybug

photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit production. In ornamental crops, the mere presence of mealybugs is sufficient to render the product [...] poses a problem in greenhouse horticulture, and in the tropics and sub-tropics on outdoor crops. The insect causes damage especially in fruit trees and [...] active in their search for a new feeding place and are capable of moving a reasonable distance over the plant. The male nymph attaches itself to the plant

Woolly apple aphid

trees sheltering in cracks and under loose bark. The nymphs become active in late March or April (in the northern hemisphere) and around the end of May, large [...] apple aphid In contrast to other aphids , the life cycle and survival from year to year of the woolly aphid depends entirely on wingless, parthenogenetic [...] Contrary to the situation in America, South Africa, and Australia, woolly aphid does not infest roots in Europe (except rarely if they occur above the ground)

Beneficial nematodes

due to the bacterial infection. Feeding and reproduction: The nematodes feed on the multiplying bacteria and absorb the nutrients released by the bacterial [...] release enzymes to help digest and soften the host's cuticle, allowing them to enter. Symbiotic bacteria release: Once inside the insect host, the nematodes [...] infection) in the host insect. Bacterial infection: The bacteria secret toxins and antimicrobial compounds that kill the host insect within a few days. The host

Tobacco whitefly

influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth [...] tobacco in Greece in 1889, hence the name tabaci . It has subsequently been found in most tropical and subtropical countries of the world. The original [...] have an oval shape. The first instar larvae (crawlers) are mobile, whereas the rest of the larvae stadia remain flattened on the leaf. The fourth larva stadium

Treatment of bumblebee stings and allergies

uamide). In the rare case of a sting in the mouth or pharynx, the patient should be taken to hospital immediately, because this can result in blocked airways [...] measures can be taken to minimize the local reaction, in particular if the person was stung in a sensitive location, such as near the eyes. As soon as possible [...] reaction to the next sting. If you had a level 1 or 2 reaction in particular, the chance is small. Reactions to bumblebee stings may differ in each case

Citrus leaf miner

cycle and appearance The moth lays the eggs singly up to 50 on lower surface of the leaves near the mid-rib. The caterpillar enters the leaf tissue after [...] after hatching from the egg and starts mining between the two layers. The larvae excrete their faeces into the mine forming a visible trail. Pupation occurs [...] occurs inside the mines and tiny adult emerge after 5 to 7 days. The adults are around 2mm long, silvery white in colour with wings fringed with long hairs

Cutworms

into the growing stalk, disrupting the sap flow in the plant. Life cycle and appearance of Cutworms The adults of Agrotis spp. have pale grey to grey-brown [...] eggs. There are six to seven larval stages. Pupation takes place in the ground. Depending on the temperature, the development from egg to adult takes about [...] turn darker. They are laid separately or in batches on the ground, or on the plant close to ground level. The larvae are yellowish when hatching with a

Oleander aphid

rather than eggs and that the progeny are clones of the adult female. The nymphs feed in colonies on the shoots at the top of the plant. Nymphs progress through [...] sp.). The oleander aphid is cosmopolitan, and can be found in tropical to warm temperate regions throughout the world. It probably originated in the Med [...] host plants. The damage caused by the aphid colonies is mainly aesthetic due to the large amounts of sticky honeydew produced and the resulting black sooty

Predatory insects

at a high rate. The larvae are highly mobile and actively seek out aphid colonies, helping to keep their populations in check. Next to aphids, lacewings [...] alternative to chemical pesticides. This reduces the environmental impact associated with the use of synthetic chemicals, safeguarding the overall ecosystem [...] of predatory bug, is particularly skilled in controlling whitefly and caterpillars but also contributes to the control of spider mites , aphids , and leaf