• Fusarium head blight or scab

  of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected foot, conidia [...] spread the disease. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum ) primarily infects the older, lower leaves. The spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species

• Bacterial spot

  as they grow. The centre of the lesions may fall out as they become drier. Under humid conditions, the spots may merge with lesions on the petioles and [...] green fruits. The specks grow into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also [...] °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata and wounds. The dispersal is in windblown water drops, mechanical

• Black sigatoka disease

  streaks on leaves of about one month old. The symptoms run parallel to the veins. Within a few days, the spots become a few centimetres in size and turn brown [...] them, so the spores cannot be discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity [...] conidia. The ascospores are wind-dispersed over longer distances, the conidia are splash-dispersed within the crop. Both types of spores cause the exact same

• Root and crown rot of strawberry

  strawberry. Plant development is slow, growth is retarded and rooting is poor. Transplants look weak and may die. It is hard to visually distinguish between [...] longisetula in the case of leaf spots, such as leaf spot of strawberry and fruit rot reported mainly from Brazil. The genus is quite complex, so the taxonomy [...] rot of strawberry Not much is known about the life cycle. The fungus produces ascospores and conidia, but their role in the epidemic has not yet been

• Brown root rot, corky root rot

  fungus is a poor competitor against a balanced microbial population in soil. How to prevent Brown root rot, corky root rot Field crops: Fumigate the soil [...] lycopersici is a fungal plant pathogen, infecting tomatoes and aubergine. It causes brown root rot and corky root rot. Damage symptoms The first signs [...] of the greenhouse or field. The affected plants may wilt. Also, interveinal chlorosis of leaves and premature defoliation may occur. Looking at the roots

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  mildew (Erysiphe necator) is a widespread fungal disease that poses a serious threat to commercial viticulture worldwide. The pathogen (also known as Uncinula [...] mildew vary according to the phenological growth stage and the severity of the infection. Early signs manifest as chlorotic (pale green to yellow) spots, which [...] During berry development, the pathogen colonizes the epidermis, causing the skin to lose elasticity. This frequently leads to berry cracking, which severely

• Spotted Wing Drosophila

  oviposition, the respiration tubes extend from the fruit but are difficult to see. Larval feeding in the fruit leads to fruit tissue collapse. Even if the fruits [...] by a large dark spot on each wing, where their common name is derived from. Females have a strong saw-like ovipositor that is used to penetrate the skin [...] collapsed, the occurrence of larvae within the fruit makes them unmarketable. The punctures made by the oviposition by D. suzukii exposes fruits to secondary

• Flies

  can cause damage to crops both directly and indirectly. The type of damage depends on the species of the flies. Direct damage is the immediate result of [...] they cause little direct damage to plants, they are often a problem due to their large number. Larvae of flies of the family Keroplatidae (mainly Lyprauta [...] damage in potted orchids. The Spotted Wing Drosophila has recently invaded Europe and the Americas where it is causing serious damage to many soft fruit crops

• Beet armyworm

  es for the growth of the crop. With a substantial population of caterpillars, the damage can spread to the stems, and in the worst cases to the fruit. [...] plants. In both the greenhouse and the field, it is a major pest of sweet pepper. Damage symptoms Older caterpillars migrate to the top of the plant where [...] black. The colour and pattern of the caterpillars is highly variable and depends partly on the host plant, the stage of development and the climate. A full-grown

• Chilli thrips

  commonly known as the chilli thrips, is an emerging pest of significant concern in greenhouse cultivation. Known for its ability to damage a wide variety of [...] tissue, making them difficult to detect. Females can lay up to 100 eggs in the youngest plant tissues. Eggs are oval, whitish to yellow and kidney shaped. [...] grey in colour. Life cycle is short and completed in 15 to 20 days as many as 25 overlapping generations per year. Reproduction is both by sexual and part