• Grape downy mildew

  shoot growth Increased susceptibility of infected tissue to secondary infections Flower and cluster symptoms Infection of inflorescences and young clusters [...] warm and wet conditions, infecting leaves, shoots, and young berries, often resulting in severe yield and quality losses. Infections during flowering and early [...] vary according to the crop’s growth stage, environmental conditions, and infection pressure. While all green tissues of the grapevine are susceptible, ch

• Black rot of carrots

  seeds are the main source of primary infection and this may lead to death of seedlings. From the primary infection of leaves, this type of carrot disease [...] species, but in general, the risk of Alternaria infection is larger under quite warm and humid conditions. Infection may take place within a few hours, with lesions [...] mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival can be several years, in the case of black rot

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  Primary infection is purely seed-borne. Conidia and other fungal structures are transmitted on the outside of the seed coat and cause primary infection. The [...] sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The fungus is seed borne and thus also [...] pre-emergence damping off and dwarfing. Other Ascochyta species may also infect peas. Ascochyta pinodes causes Ascochyta blight, which causes darker spots

• Fusarium spp.

  Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens and can only infect wounded or stressed host plants [...] tion occurs. Infected glumes and kernels become white, due to dehydration, and later turn pinkish-red as spores are formed. Ear infection decreases the [...] Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens, which can only infect wounded or stressed host plants

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  temperature is low, infection may remain latent until conditions are more favourable. This makes it more difficult to recognize infected fields. How to prevent [...] oozing from the cut. When the bacteria transfers to young plants through infected tubers, the wilting and collapse of plants happens rapidly. Leaves remain [...] remain green after wilting, until they are completely desiccated. Infected stems show long, dark brown streaks. The vascular tissue in the tubers becomes

• Angular leaf spot

  vascular tissue of the crown can be infected, creating a look similar to that of a Phytophthora fragariae infection. Life cycle and appearance of Angular [...] and form a secondary source of infection. They are dispersed by rain, irrigation water or handling of the plants. Infection of the plants happens both passively [...] overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary source of infection in the spring. The bacteria are also introduced in a crop in new transplants

• Early blight

  species, but in general the risk of Alternaria infection is larger under quite warm and humid conditions. Infection may take place within a few hours, with lesions [...] mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival can be several years, up to eight years for several [...] of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers (especially dangerous

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material. Infection also takes place via wounds. After infection, galls are formed which break [...] and tumours on underground plant parts and on the crown. Furthermore, infection is characterized by excessive root growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse [...] appearance of Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet been defined. The assumption is that

• Black sigatoka disease

  stomata. After infection, hyphae emerge from the stomata and either develop into conidiophores with new conidia or grow across the surface and infect adjacent [...] and the whole leaf turns brown and ultimately dies. In cases of severe infection leaves may die within a few weeks. Because of the lack of leaf tissues [...] spores can germinate within two or three hours under humid conditions, but infection takes a minimum of two or three days under optimal conditions (humidity

• Root rot of carrot

  Rhexocercosporidium carotae is a slow-growing fungus that can infect both roots and foliage. The infection starts with small black spots over the entire surface [...] which can be infected by Rhexocercosporidium carotae . Pre-storage treatments to harden the periderm and heal wounds may help control infections. Additionally [...] to be sharply defined, but under a magnifying glass it appears that the infected area radiates into the healthy tissue. The spots can increase in number