• Gummy stem blight

  stem blight. On the lesions, black specks, the new fruiting bodies with spores, become visible. On the leaves, round and extending lesions may occur. In [...] and produces the sexual ascospores and asexual conida simultaneously. The spores germinate when free water is present on the plant, at high relative humidity

• Early blight

  within five days. Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. How [...] seed and propagation materials. Practice crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat

• Verticillium wilt

  nematodes. The fungus then grows into the vessels of the plant and produces spores that are transported upwards with the transpiration stream. As a defence [...] the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed to new hosts. In the senescent tissue, the resting

• Black rot of carrots

  within five days. Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. How [...] seed and propagation materials. Practice crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat

• Wheat bunt

  glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt balls are [...] grey-brown. They rupture at harvest and release black, powdery spores, that smell like fish, hence the common name stinking bunt. Life cycle and appearance

• Fusarium spp.

  kernels become white, due to dehydration, and later turn pinkish-red as spores are formed. Ear infection decreases the baking quality of wheat and brewing [...] upwards on the outside of the plant. Most Fusarium species only make asexual spores. Some also produce ascospores. In general, the life cycle of different Fusarium [...] vascular system. Inside the vessels, the fungus produces mycelium and many spores (microconidia), which are transported upwards. At the same time, the plant

• Apple scab

  and sometimes on twigs and bud scales. The lesions are olive-green. When spores are produced, the lesions become grey and fluffy. The lesions caused by [...] conidia are released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that

• Dwarf bunt

  glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt balls are [...] grey-brown. They rupture at harvest and release black, powdery spores, that smell like fish, hence the common name stinking bunt. Additionally, plants

• Mushroom

  Mushroom A mushroom, or toadstool, is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source

• Loose smut of barley

  ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected