Downy mildew of Cucurbits

brown. On the underside of the leave fluffy growth appears which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is actually the sporulation of the pathogens [...] downy mildews, the optimum temperature is around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this, the shorter the leaf wetness period that is required. Inside [...] Inside the plant, the pathogens produce haustoria, small organs with which the pathogen can take up nutrients from the living plant cells. The pathogens

Bacterial canker of tomato

potato, the disease usually only occurs in the second half of the season. The first symptoms are wilting of the lower leaves and subsequent expansion of the [...] then growing into the vessels of the plant. Plant growth is inhibited and the plant wilts because the xylem vessels become blocked. The bacterium can survive [...] upwards. Cutting the stem at the foot shows whitish ooze with bacteria in the case of C lavibacter infection, but other than that the disease is difficult to

Root rot of carrot

dark brown to black lesions of various shapes. The lesions can merge and eventually cover the entire surface of the carrot. The affected areas are firm, shallow [...] to annual crops. As far as is known, Daucus carota (carrot) is the only host plant of the fungus. How to prevent root rot of carrot Studies have shown that [...] During humid spells the surviving plants exhibit by necrotic leaf spots Life cycle and appearance of Root rot of carrots The fungus of R. carotae has delicate

Pierce's disease of grapevine

plums): In peach, the canopy of infected plants is compact and umbrella-like due to the shorter internodes. The foliage is denser and the leaves are a darker [...] along the margin or the tip from early to midsummer. The necrotic area spreads over the leaf from the margin and is marked by a chlorotic band. In the beginning [...] extends to the rest. Eventually, the whole root system is killed and the trees die. Life cycle and appearance of Pierce's disease of grapevine The bacteria

Black leg of seedlings

symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Black leg of seedlings [...] plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant [...] especially dehydration. Germination of the oospores is stimulated by exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate and form so-called

Black rot of carrots

rot of carrots Black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) is a seed-transferred carrot disease. The seeds are the main source of primary infection and [...] spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving conidia in the soil. Use resistant [...] cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival can be several years, in the case of black rot of carrots ( Alternaria radicina ) up to 8 years. Damage symptoms

Treatment of bumblebee stings and allergies

you and is used to inject epinephrine into the thigh in the case of a sting. Tests and treatments are available at the Allergology department of the RdGG [...] stinger, as is the case with honeybees and wasps. Drones cannot sting. The stinger is a weapon for defence. When a bee stings, some venom is injected into [...] First of all, it is important to be calm when working with bumblebees. Do not wave your arms at the bumblebees, bump the hive, touch or hold the bumblebees

Black root rot of cucurbits

to a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final stage of the disease, only vascular tissue remains because the cortex (outer [...] stage may kill the plants. In case of a less severe infection, the vines may wilt at a late stage of the crop, but when water supply is in any way limited [...] survive adverse conditions for years in the soil, but little else is known about the life cycle. The fungus is dispersed by water, air and soil particles

Root and crown rot of strawberry

clavispora in the case of root and crown rot (of strawberry), first found in The Netherlands, and Pestalotiopsis longisetula in the case of leaf spots, such [...] appearance of Root and crown rot of strawberry Not much is known about the life cycle. The fungus produces ascospores and conidia, but their role in the epidemic [...] spot of strawberry and fruit rot reported mainly from Brazil. The genus is quite complex, so the taxonomy may change. Pestalotiopsis clavispora is also

Koppert Foundation

horticulture and agriculture and improvement of the health and availability of food and nutrition for those who need it most. Scope Koppert Foundation focuses [...] Koppert established the Koppert Foundation on their 50 th anniversary in 2017. This Foundation aims to contribute to sustainable solutions for horticulture